Topics : Anthropology and ethnology
Topics : Anthropology and ethnology : Ethnography
Topics : Austronesian
Topics : History
Topics : Indian Ocean region
Topics : Indian Ocean region : Madagascar
Topics : Indian Ocean region : Comores, Comorien
Topics : Indian Ocean region : Comores, Comorien : Shingazidja (Grande Comore)
Topics : Indian Ocean region : Comores, Comorien : Shimaorais (Mayotte)
Topics : Indian Ocean region : Comores, Comorien : Shindzwani (Anjouan)
Topics : Indian Ocean region : Comores, Comorien : Shimwali (Moheli)
Topics : Indian Ocean region : Swahili
Topics : Linguistics
Topics : Linguistics : Applied linguistics
Topics : Linguistics : Austronesian linguistics
Topics : Linguistics : Diachronic linguistics
Topics : Linguistics : Language assessment
Topics : Linguistics : Sociolinguistics
Topics : Linguistics : Malagasy language
Topics : Linguistics : Dialectology
Topics : Linguistics : Language ecology
Topics : Linguistics : Language planning
Topics : Linguistics : Translation
Topics : Religion
Topics : Religion : Missiology
Topics : Religion : Theology
Topics : Religion : Church history
Topics : Research
Topics : Research : Research methodology
Topics : Research : Qualitative research
Topics : Research : Quantitative research
Topics : Social sciences - other
abinalantoine&malzacvictorin 1970 1970. Dictionnaire Malgache-Français. Paris: Editions Maritimes et d'Outre-mer.
- language(s):
- Malagasy, French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Applied linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
abramovitchhenry 1974 1974. Sainte-Marie. Taloha 6:187-188.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Saint Mariens,
- Eastern,
- Betsimisaraka,
A very brief account, based on observations during the author's stay at Ile Sainte Marie, July-October 1973, touching on the history of the island, its name, the customs of reburial, circumcision, mitrambo and tromba.
academiemalgache 1977 1977. Colloque international de linguistique malgache. 75eme anniversaire de l'Académie Malgache. Antananarivo, 5-12 septembre 1977. Antananarivo: Académie Malgache.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
adelaarkarlalexander 1989b 1989b. Malay influence on Malagasy: Linguistic and culture-historical implications. Oceanic Linguistics 28(1):1-45.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Austronesian linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
Adelaar presents some evidence for lexical borrowing from Malay and Javanese into Malagasy. This, he then discusses in terms of the cultural, historical and linguistic aspects implied and deductible from such borrowing. He reinterprets evidence presented by Dahl and others, whence his conclusion that the migration to Madagascar dates from the seventh century and may have been after they learnt about the existence of Madagascar at Srivijaya, an ancient kingdom (between 7 and 13 AD), situated in South Sumatra. Also, it is a possibility that the Indian influence and authentic Indonesian aspects of Malagasy culture can be understood in terms of a socially stratified group that came to Madagascar, as mentioned by Paul Ottino (1986).
adelaarkarlalexander 1991a 1991a. New ideas on the early history of Malagasy. In Papers in Austronesian linguistics no. 1. Pacific linguistics. Series A: Occasional papers 81, 1-22, edited by H. Steinhauer. Canberra: Australian National University, Dept of Linguistics: Research School of Pacific Studies.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Austronesian linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
Adelaar critically evaluates the work of Pierre Simon and Waruno Mahdi on the linguistic history of Malagasy. Both authors were published in 1988. He then presents a new hypothesis regarding the sociohistorical conditions under which the Malagasy language and people developed. The emphasis is once again on the Malay influence on Malagasy.
adelaarkarlalexander 1994a 1994a. Asian roots of the Malagasy. Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde 150:325-356.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Austronesian linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
adelaarkarlalexander 1994b 1994b. Malay and Javanese loanwords in Malagasy, Tagalog and Siraya (formosa). Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde 150:50-65.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Austronesian linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
adelaarkarlalexander 1995b 1995b. Une perspective linguistique sur les origines asiatiques des malgaches. In Cultures of Madagascar: Ebb and flow of influences. Working papers series 2, 39-46, edited by Sandra Evers, and Marc Spindler. Leiden: International Institute for Asian Studies.
- language(s):
- French
ahmedchamangamohamed&lafonmichel&sibertinblancjeanluc 1988 1988. Projet d'orthographie pratique du Comorien. In Linguistique de Madagascar et des Comores. Etudes Océan Indien 9, 7-33, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
allibertclaude&verinpierre 1993 1993. Linguistique, archéologie et l'exploration du passé malgache. In Language. A doorway between human cultures, 29-38, edited by Øyvind Dahl. Oslo: Novus Forlag.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
allibertclaude 1993 1993. Accouplements rituels ou fantasmes zoophiles? In Religions. Etudes Océan Indien 16, 171-179, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
alvarezalbertroca 1995 1995. Ethnicity and nation in Madagascar. In Cultures of Madagascar: Ebb and flow of influences. Working papers series 2, 67-83, edited by Sandra Evers, and Marc Spindler. Leiden: International Institute for Asian Studies.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
This paper confirms what has been our experience with Malagasy ethnic identities, that while vague and difficult to define in some ways, they do exist and contradict the political ideology which holds that the Malagasy people all subscribe to a united national identity. While Malagasy group identities are not as clearly "developed" or as nicely (contrivedly) forced into moulds by outsiders as tribal-ethnic characteristics in Africa have been, Malagasy ethnic identities may have, as Alvarez suggests, remained vague because of the historical interference of colonialism at a time when Merina nationalism had just reached a peak, interrupting and confounding the natural development of different Malagasy identities in the context of a new threat from outside.
Alvarez discusses the differences between political choices and true group identity, which manifests itself in the "solidarity networks used by the population" (77).
Selected quotes:
- Madagascar has often been seen as one of the few African countries without the ethnic problems that are now so much in evidence. It has one language, even if there is a wide variety of dialects; one culture, even if Malagasy societies have developed distinct ways of life; one people, even if the physical appearance and the origin of the populations are extremely diverse. All these factors, contained within the natural frontiers provided by an island, constitute the arguments for Madagascar's exceptional status (67).
- (.)the unification and expansion of the Merina are inter-related processes. They are not, however, one and the same thing (72).
- The fiercest opposition to the colonial conquest was located precisely in those regions which were out of Merina control, the west and south, that defended their own interests, not those of the Merina state or of a non-existent Malagasy nation (73).
- The references for collective identities are multiple, heterogeneous and non-exclusive. Madagascar offers a number of examples of this pluri-identity and of the strategically different use that persons and groups can make of it. The different identities are inter-related and inserted in human relations. Hence, any survey of the current problems of Madagascar has to number ethnicity and/or nationality among them (82).
andriamanantenageorgesrado 1994 1994. Ny teny Malagasy: Fanentanana ny fon'ny vahoaka amin'ny fampandrosoana. Akademia Malagasy: Roa andron'ny teny Malagasy. In Roa andron'ny teny Malagasy. Antananarivo.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
andrianaivoarivonyrafolo 1985 1985. Reflections sur la présence Tsimihety dans la région de Mananara Avaratra et de Maroantsetra. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 21-22:61-78.
- language(s):
- French
andrianirinarivofq&mandihitsycyprien&odona&paesc&paesmc&velonandro 1989 1989. Tsimamanga et autres contes malgaches en dialecte Masikoro. Angano Malagasy. Antananarivo: Centre Foi et Justice.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Masikoro,
- South-western,
anonymous nd n.d. Des droits coutumiers oraux "Bara". Province et préfecture de Tuléar. Sous-préfecture de Tuléar. Arrondissement administratif de Sakaraha.
- language(s):
- French
anonymous 1934 1934. Soavololonapanga (conte Bara recueilli par l'instituteur de Ranohira). La Revue de Madagascar 7:61-64.
- language(s):
- French
anonymous 1984 1984. Tongotra aman-tanana. Lakroan'i Madagasikara 57:2371-2372.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Ethnography,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
astutirita 1995a 1995a. People of the sea. Identity and descent among the Vezo of Madagascar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- language(s):
- English
astutirita 1995b 1995b. "The Vezo are not a kind of people": Identity, difference, and "ethnicity" among a fishing people of western Madagascar. American Ethnologist 22(3):464-482.
- language(s):
- English
ayachesimon 1979 1979. Beyond oral tradition and into written history: The work of Raombana (1809-1855). In Madagascar in history. Essays from the 1970's, edited by Raymond Kent. Albany, California: Foundation for Malagasy Studies.
- language(s):
- English
barbiercle 1921 1921. Contes et légendes du pays des Bara (sud-ouest de madagascar). Revue d'ethnographie et des traditions populaires 2(6):119-137.
- language(s):
- French
beaujardphilippe 1988 1988. Les manuscrits arabico-malgaches (sorabe) du pays antemoro. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 28:123-150.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Temoro (Antemoro, Antaimoro),
- Eastern,
bellwoodpeter&foxjamesj&tryondarrell 1995 1995. The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives. Canberra: Australian National University, Dept of Anthropology.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Austronesian linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
This is an excellent source for gaining an overview of Austronesian history, language and culture. The subtitle indicates that it deals with "Historical & Comparative Perspectives." On Madagascar, K.A. Adelaar's contribution deserves mention (77-82). Adelaar discusses Dahl's contribution to the understanding of the origins of the Malagasy language and then continues to mention some of his own findings. Tom Dutton (194-196) gives a good summary of the effects of language contact, in general.
Selected quotes:
- Dahl (1951, 1977) showed that Malagasy, the Austronesian language spoken as a number of dialects by almost all inhabitants of Madagascar, belongs to the Southeast Barito subgroup, the other members of which (Maanyan, Samihim, Dusun Malang, Dusun Witu, Dusun Deyah and Paku) are spoken in the southeastern part of Borneo. Dahl observed that Malagasy has a relatively small number of Sanskrit loanwords in comparison to the large numbers in some Indonesian languages. According to him, this indicated that the East Barito migrants to Madagascar must have left their homeland only just after Indian influence had begun to affect the Indonesian languages and cultures. Considering the fact that Indian linguistic influence in Indonesia can be traced to a date as far back as the fifth century AD, Dahl concluded that the migration must have taken place at this time or slightly after. He does not explicitly consider the possibility of influence from other Austronesian languages.
The first extensive studies of such influence (Adelaar 1989, 1991a and in press) show that there are many Malay loanwords in Malagasy, and that there are also a number of loanwords from Javanese. Malay and Javanese were also the vehicular languages for the Sanskrit vocabulary in Malagasy. Thus, none of the Sanskrit loanwords support the assumption of direct Indian influence on the Malagasy language. This has an important consequence for Dahl's date of the migration to Madagascar: as all Sanskrit influence in Malagasy was channelled through Malay and Javanese, we should postdate the migration to the first Malay and Javanese influence on Malagasy, although it is likely that it happened at least two centuries later than the fifth century AD. The borrowed material also gives us information on the nature of the influence of Malays and Javanese on the migrating East Barito speakers, influence that must have begun some time before the migration, and that must have lasted until a considerable time afterwards.
Generally speaking, the Malay and Javanese loanwords belong to all sorts of semantic domains. But Malay loanwords are particularly well represented in the domain of maritime life and navigation (.). Loanwords are also often found in the domain of plant names and in metallurgic terminology (.).
Higher numerals and calendrical terms are originally Malay and/or Javanese adaptations of Sanskrit terms. Sanskrit loanwords came into Malagasy via Malay or Javanese, as their shape or meaning often betray (.).
That these terms were borrowed via Malay and Javanese is supported by the fact that, of all Sanskrit loanwords in Malagasy (at least 35 in total), there is only one word that is not also found in Malay or Javanese.
A large part of the vocabulary for body-parts in Malagasy was originally Malay or Javanese (.).
The Malagasy have a pre-colonial writing system, which is an adapted form of the Arabic script. The writing system is called Sorabe, which derives from soratra 'writing' and be 'big'. The name Sorabe and some of the adaptations in its system indicate that the concept of writing, and possibly also the the actual writing system of the Malagasy, were introduced by Southeast Asians, and probably Javanese (.).
(If the Malagasy did learn the Arabic script from the Javanese) this probably happened during continued contacts after the period of migration. There is some lexical evidence that the Malagasy were still in contact with Malays or Javanese after the latter came under the influence of Islam (.).
An important question now is how to interpret the linguistic data, and how to integrate them in a theory which also takes into account archeological, historical and anthropological findings. The problem is that the linguistic data do not seem to correlate with data from these other disciplines, and as a consequence some non-linguists are reluctant to accept the linguistic evidence. Quite apart from the fact that there is considerable regional diversity in the cultures of Madagascar themselves, many manifestations of Malagasy spiritual and material culture cannot unequivocally be linked up with the spiritual and material culture of the Dayaks of the Southeast Barito area. Some of the Malagasy are wet rice cultivators, while the Dayaks are as a rule dry rice cultivators. Some Malagasy use outrigger canoes, whereas Southeast Barito Dayaks never do. The Malagasy migration to East Africa presupposes navigational skills which are found with some Indonesian peoples, but which can hardly be attributed to Dayaks, who, as we know them today, are as a rule forest dwellers. Some of the Malagasy musical instruments are allegedly very similar to musical instruments found in Sulawesi, and Malagasy funeral cults are reminiscent of the Toraja funeral cults (.) (77-82).
bemananjarazefaniasyrafaralahy 1977 1977. Tatitra ankapobeny momba ny asam-pikarohana ao amin'ny ILA (Considérations d'ensemble sur les recherches effectuées à l'Institut de Linguistique Appliquée). Report, Institut de Linguistique Appliquée. Antananarivo.
- language(s):
- Malagasy, French
- topic(s):
- Language planning,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Applied linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
bemananjarazefaniasyrafaralahy 1979a 1979a. Contes malgaches. Fleuve et flamme. Paris: Conseil international de la langue francaise.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
bemananjarazefaniasyrafaralahy 1979b 1979b. Situation de l'enseignement du français à Madagascar. In Le français hors de France, 527-542, edited by Albert Valdman. Paris: Champion.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Language planning,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Social sciences - other,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
benevent 1897 1897. Etude sur le Bouéni, II. Colonie de Madagascar. Notes, Reconnaissances, Explorations 2:49-77.
- language(s):
- French
bennettmichaeleric 1988 1988. Alienable and inalienable possession in Malagasy. Word 39(1):109-116.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
berthierh 1906 1906. Fragments du folklore des Bara. La Revue de Madagascar 8(12):1062-1066.
- language(s):
- French
birkelye 1924 1924. Folkore Sakalava recueilli dans la région de Morondava. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache 6:185-395.
- language(s):
- French
birkelye 1936 1936. Les Vazimba de la côte ouest de Madagascar. Mémoires de l'Académie malgache 22. Antananarivo: Imprimerie Officielle de la Colonie.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Vazimba,
- Western,
- Beosy,
- Mikea,
- South-western,
Interesting statements regarding the language of Vazimba, Behosy, Mikea.
Selected quotes:
- je fus frappé du soin que mettaient les malgaches à se rappeler leurs groupes funitiaux et leurs clans. On le remarque surtout dans les taboos concernant les mariages qui tous, ou presque, étaient exogamiques. Mais le phénomène se présente aussi dans la vie courante. Mon attention fut attirée par l'importance de la forme des entailles, faites aux oreilles des boufs, et qui servent à distinguer les clans et les habitations. Cétait là un document de première ordre pour apporter un peu de clarté dans l'ethnologie de la Côte Ouest. On désignait alors tous les habitants sous le nom de "Sakalaves" et on se livrait aux hypothèses les plus fantaisistes sur l'origine de leur nom.
(.)je tombai, en 1914, sur les Vazimba de la Tsiribihina(.) des mots et des sons complètement nouveaux, une langue tout à fait différente du malgache!
En tout état de cause, et malgré l'insuffisance des matériaux, il était clair que l'on avait à faire à un groupe bien défini, nettement différent de ceux qui peuplent la côte ouest, tant au point de vue religieux, qu'ethnique et philologique (7). - dahalo (homme de forêt) (11).
- Si l'on se fonde sur les marques faites aux oreilles des boufs, ces populations se répartissent en plusieurs groupes don't chacun a son histoire.
Il y a eu une forte émigration, allant du nord au sud, et composée de pêcheurs et de marins. Ces nouveaux-venus se sont mélangés avec une autre population plus ancienne: les Mikea, les Antanandro et les Vazimba.
En deux autres grandes invasions, une race plus puissante venant du Sud et de l'Est, sous la conduite des deux dynasties des Maroserana et des Andrivola, a conquis toute la côte ouest, de Tulear à Majunga. Ces conquérants étaient suivis de beaucoup d'autres tribus qui leur étaient soumises.
Les Antanandro étaient des gens civilisés venant de l'intérieur. Ils ensevilissaient leurs morts dans des cavernes ou des caveaux de pierres, ils savaient tisser, ornaient leurs maisons, et cultivaient le riz. Ils ont tout à fait disparu, se mélangeant aux autres tribus (12). - Ces Mkea étaient stationnaires: il n'y a pas trace de migration de leur part, ni vers le nord, ni vers le sud. Ils sont sauvages, fuient la société, n'ont aucune organisation sociale. Ils étaient chasseurs et peuvent se rattacher au groupe désigné par les anglais comme "foodcollectors" (don't la seule raison de vivre est la recherche de leur nourriture.
Les Vazimba de la région de lacs de la Tsiribihina, sont un peuple composite. Les uns viennent d'au-delà des mers, les autres de l'intérieur, d'autres sont issus du mélange avec les populations sédentaires, comme les Beosi. L'attention des savants devraient s'attacher, tant aux particularités ethnologiques qu'à la langue de ces populations primitives. Ces trois groupes-le fait est établi-ont parlé, et parlent encore une langue différente du malgache. Tous les Masikoro du sud, par exemple, voisins des Mikea, savent que ces derniers ont eu leur langue propre, qu'ils emploient encore, en partie, dans des circonstances spéciales.
Drury rapporte lui-même que les Vazimba des bords de la Tsiribihina avaient une langue particulière. Quant aux Beosi, le vocabulaire, donné au chapitre III, fournit la preuve qu'ils ont une langue à eux.
Ces débris de langues sont d'une importance capitale pour l'ethnologie primitive de Madagascar (13).
birkelyottoemil 1926 1926. Marques de boufs et traditions de race : Document sur l'ethnologie de la côte occidentale de Madagascar. Bulletin: Etnografisk Museum 2.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Western,
- South-western,
blanchysophie 1992b 1992b. Les langues de Mayotte. In Mayotte: Actes du Colloque Universitaire tenu à Mamoudzou les 23 et 24 avril 1991, 75-85, edited by Olivier Gohin, and Pierre Maurice. St Denis: Université de la Réunion: Fac de Droit et des Sciences Economiques et Politiques.
- language(s):
- French
blanchysophie 1993 1993. Philippe Beaujard: Mythe et société à Madagascar (Tañala de l'ikongo). Préface de Georges Condominas. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1991. 606p. In Religions. Etudes Océan Indien 16, 181-185, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Tanala (Antanala),
- Eastern,
blochmauriceef 1975a 1975a. Introduction. In Political language and oratory in traditional society, 1-28, edited by Maurice E. F. Bloch. London: Academic Press.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Ethnography,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
blochmauriceef 1975b 1975b. Political language and oratory in traditional society. London: Academic Press.
- language(s):
- English
blochmauriceef 1985 1985. Questions historiques concernant la parenté sur la côte est. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 21-22:49-56.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Southern Betsimisaraka (Antatsimo, Tatsimo),
- Betsimisaraka,
- Eastern,
- Northern Betsimisaraka (Antavaratra, Tavaratra),
Selected quotes:
- Le peu que nous savons suffit en effet pour montrer clairement que la région dite Betsimisaraka est extrèmement diverse et que certaines populations betsimisaraka sont plus proches des populations non-betsimisaraka que d'autres égalements dénommées Betsimisaraka. Il ne peut en être autrement si nous nous rappelons que le terme Betsimisaraka se réfère non à une unité culturelle mais à une ligue politique temporaire du 18e siècle (50-1).
blochmauriceef 1986b 1986b. Hierarchy and equality in Merina kinship. In Madagascar: Society and history 38, 217-228, edited by Conrad Phillip Kottak, Jean-Aimé Rakotoarisoa, Aidan Southall, and Pierre Vérin. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press.
- language(s):
- English
blochmauriceef 1989 1989. Ritual, history and power: Selected papers in anthropology. London school of economics. Monographs on social anthropology 58. London: Athlone Press.
- language(s):
- English
boin&mouveaux 1897 1897. Les Bara et les Tanalas des districts d'Ivohibe et d'Ihosy. Colonie de Madagascar. Notes, Reconnaissances, Explorations 1897:446-456.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Bara,
- Southern,
- Tanala (Antanala),
- Eastern,
boisdelavillerabeladu 1900 1900. La tradition chez les Baras. Colonie de Madagascar. Notes, Reconnaissances, Explorations 6(29):263-273.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
Captain du Bois De La Villerabel transcribes here a history of the Bara, according to Impoinimerina, mpanjaka (king of the) Bara Imamono. Impoinimerina's account explains the settlements of different Bara groups, the wars they were involved in, and culminates in some self-glorification, probably overrating his role, position, and history. De La Villerabel ends his transcription with a significant statement, namely that in spite of it being the account of senseless and endless intestinal fighting among the Bara people, it is worth recording, "if only to better show up the work of civilisation that they (the French) had undertaken."
Selected quotes:
- Comme on le voit par ce rapide exposé, sa tradition ne nous révèle guère qu'une longue suite de guerres intestines sans but élevé, et dont le butin est toute la gloire; telle qu'elle est, elle mérite toutefois d'être enregistrée, ne serait-ce que pour mieux faire ressortir l'ouvre de civilisation que nous avons entreprise (273).
boulangerjeanclaude 1989 1989. Développement, aménagement linguistique et terminologie: Un mythe? L'exemple de la malgachisation. Language Problems and Language Planning 13(3):233-263.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Language planning,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
This article stresses the importance of terminology when language policies are applied and draws a subtle comparison between Québec and Madagascar. In the case of Québec, it was possible to draw on a language that already had the necessary technological terminology in place, whereas in Madagascar, there is still a need to develop such terminology. He refers to malgachophonisation that is a prerequisite for malgachisation. Having waded several times through the sticky, somewhat obscurifying vocabulary of this article, I can't say that I disagree with as much as I've understood.
brandstetterrenward 1893 1893. Die Beziehungen des Malagasy zum Malaiischen. The Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine 18:155.
- language(s):
- German
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Austronesian linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
brownmervyn 1978 1978. Madagascar rediscovered. A History from early times to independence. London: Damien Tunnacliffe.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Social sciences - other,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
The author succeeds in producing an attractive account of Malagasy history; touching on geography, fauna and flora, describing different theories on the population of Madagascar and then treating the different phases in historical development until independence in 1960.
brownmervyn 1995 1995. A history of Madagascar. London: Tunnacliffe.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Social sciences - other,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
buillesjeanmichel 1988 1988. La voix agento-stative en malgache. In Linguistique de Madagascar et des Comores. Etudes Océan Indien 9, 185-196, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
calletfrancois 18711883 1871-1883. Tantaran'ny andriana eto Madagascar. 5 vols. Antananarivo: Presy Katolika.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
calletfrancois 19531978 1953-1978. Histoire des rois. 5 vols. Traduction de "Tantaran'ny andriana eto Madagascar" par G.S. Chapus et E. Ratsimba. Antananarivo: Académie Malgache.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
carusov 1971 1971. Brève esquisse d'analyse du 'hazomanga' dans la société bara. Bulletin de Madagascar 298:264.
- language(s):
- French
centredeslanguesdelacademiemalgache 2000 2000. Voambolana, ny riaka sy ny morony/ vocabulaire mer et littoral. Antananarivo: Tsipika.
- language(s):
- Malagasy, French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Applied linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
chamlamarieclaude 1958 1958. Recherches anthropologiques sur l'origine des malgaches. Mémoires du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris: Editions du Muséum.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
charlesclementseverin 1985 1985. Les Mahafale de l'Onilahy: Des clans au royaume, du xvie siècle à la conquête coloniale. Thèse. Paris: Université de Paris 1.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Mahafale (Mahafaly),
- Southern,
chazangilligsuzanne 1991 1991. La société sakalave. Le Menabe dans la construction nationale malgache. Paris: Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer.
- language(s):
- French
clignetremi&ernstbernard 1995 1995. L'école à Madagascar: Evaluation de la qualité de l'enseignement primaire public. Paris: Editions Karthala.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Language planning,
- Linguistics,
- Dialectology,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Social sciences - other,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
Excellent study which contains a discussion of language in Malagasy education that is very relevant to our study.
colejennifer 1997 1997. Sacrifice, narratives and experience in east Madagascar. Journal of Religion in Africa 27(4):401-425.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Ethnography,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Research,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Eastern,
coppallea 1911 1911. Les Kimos de Madagascar. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache 8:65-67.
- language(s):
- French
coulauddaniel 1973 1973. Les Zafimaniry. Un groupe ethnique de Madagascar à la poursuite de la forêt. Antananarivo: Fanotamboky Malagasy.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Social sciences - other,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Zafimaniry,
- Eastern,
coulauddaniel 1974 1974. Reflexion sur la notion d'ethnie à Madagascar: L'exemple du nord des pays Tanala et Betsileo. Taloha 6:89-116.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Betsileo,
- Central,
- Zafimaniry,
- Eastern,
- Tanala (Antanala),
This excellent article on the problem of ethnicity in Madagascar is done in three parts. Coulaud first describes the identities of the following groups, (often misunderstood by the colonial mindset and by a too facile application of the "19 peoples" of Madagascar), namely the groups of Northern Betsileo (Fandriana, Mahazoarivo, Imady); the groups of the forest escarpment (Arivoanala, Zafimaniry); and the groups below the eastern escarpment (Zafindiamanana, Mahasila, Manandriana, Antaiva).
Having briefly differentiated among these different groups, he discusses in part two different aspects concerning the formation of the ethnic group, the life of the ethnic group, and the idea of an ethnic identity. He ends his conclusion with a quotation of the oath of the VVS (= Vy, Vato, Sakélika-Nationalist movement) in 1913, which goals would be achieved for the benefit of Madagascar, "Je jure d'aimer tous les malgaches.Je ne tiendrai compte ni des diverses races ni des tribus: les Malgaches sont un indivisible et inséparable. Un Malgache, c'est un Malgache et c'est tout ce qui compte."
cousinswe&parrettj 1871 1871. Ny ohabolan'ny Ntaolo. Antananarivo: London Missionary Society Press.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
cousinswe 1963 1931 1963 (1931). Fomba Malagasy. Antananarivo: Trano Printy Imarivolanitra.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Social sciences - other,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
Originally written to teach foreigners about Malagasy customs.
dahlelars 1877 1877. Specimens of Malagasy folklore. Antananarivo: A. Kingdom.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Ethnography,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
dahlelars 1984 1877 1984 (1877). Anganon'ny Ntaolo. Antananarivo: Trano Printy Loterana.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Ethnography,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
dahlottochr 1951 1951. Malgache et Maanjan. Une comparaison linguistique. Oslo: Egede Instituttet.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Austronesian linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
dahlottochr 1954 1954. Le substrat bantou en malgache. Norsk tidsskrift for sprogvidenskap 17:325-362.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
dahlottochr 1966 1966. Les débuts de l'orthographe malgache. Oslo-Bergen-Tromsö: Universitetsforlaget.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Applied linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
Excellent paper for understanding the development of Malagasy orthography and related matters.
In this paper, Professor Dahl touches on issues like "one language is spoken all over Madagascar," saying that "les autochtones de Madagascar parlent tous la même langue, bien que divisée en un grand nombre de dialectes. C'est le parler de Tananarive, depuis un siècle et demi la capitale de l'Ile, qui est le malgache littéraire et, grâce à la littérature et à la circulation, on arrive partout à se faire comprendre en employant ce parler (le Merina)." It would be interesting to know how that conclusion was arrived at and how much weight Professor Dahl would himself assign to it now, forty years later. At the time of publication, in 1966, the Malagasy population counted just over 5 million people. In 2002, that number had more than tripled and infrastructures and education had deteriorated in most parts of the island over the almost four decades, perhaps felt least in the capital. Successive language policies and other government intervention, as well as misadministration over the last decades have further increased the deprivation of the Malagasy people, in terms of accessibility to education and general development.
Selected quotes:
- Les autochtones de Madagascar parlent tous la même langue, bien que divisée en un grand nombre de dialectes. C'est le parler de Tananarive, depuis un siècle et demi la capitale de l'Ile, qui est le malgache littéraire et, grâce à la littérature et à la circulation, on arrive partout à se faire comprendre en employant ce parler (le Merina) (5).
dahlottochr 1968 1968. Contes malgaches en dialecte Sakalava. Texte, traduction, grammaire et lexique. Oslo-Bergen-Tromsö: Universitetsforlaget.
- language(s):
- French
dahlottochr 1972 1972. Les noms de parenté en malgache. In Approche linguistique. Langues et techniques, nature et société 1, 353-358, edited by Jacques Barrau. Paris: Éditions Klincksieck.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
dahlottochr 1977 1977. La subdivision de la famille Barito et la place du malgache. Acta Orientalia 38:77-134.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Austronesian linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
dahlottochr 1983 1983. Sorabe révélant l'évolution du dialecte Antemoro. Antananarivo: Trano Printy Loterana.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Dialectology,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Temoro (Antemoro, Antaimoro),
- Eastern,
dahlottochr 1984 1984. Mahomet dans le panthéon malgache. Bulletin des études africaines 4(7):21-30.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
dahlottochr 1988 1988. Bantu substratum in Malagasy. In Linguistique de Madagascar et des Comores. Etudes Océan Indien 9, 91-132, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
Selected quotes:
- Although Madagascar is situated only 400 kilometres from the East African coast, Malagasy, the language of the island, is not an African language (91).
- It has now been established that Malagasy is a member of the South East Barito subgroup of Austronesian in Kalimantan (Borneo), (Dahl 1951 and 1977) and a hypothesis of migration from Kalimantan to Madagascar about AD 400 (Dahl 1951: 366-369) has received general acceptance among Austronesianists. Besides Malagasy, the best known language of this subgroup is Ma'anyan (91).
- However, although the bulk of the Malagasy language is Austronesian, there are also Bantu elements in it. Local tradition has it that non-Malagasy (sic) peoples lived in certain parts of Madagascar before the latter (Malagasy) arrived there. They are called Vazimba, which sounds like a Bantu tribes-name. An English witness from the beginning of the 1_th century testifies that they spoke among themselves a language that was not understood by their neighbours (Drury, 1729:279). There are still some clans called Vazimba in Western Madagascar, but now they speak the Malagasy dialect of their neighbours (91).
- Dahle's hypothesis: wherever a Malagasy word of common occurrence and referring to objects of common life is found, not in Swahili, but also in other African languages, it is almost certain that it has not been introduced into Malagasy through Swahili, but belongs to the original African element in Malagasy (92).
- Is it possible to determine the phonetic structure of the two languages which met in Madagascar about AD 400? If so it will also be possible to follow the phonetic development which has taken place after that time (109).
- Malagasy is undoubtedly a member of the south-east Barito subgroup of Austronesian in Kalimantan, and it has been compared with the best known of the other members of that subgroup, Ma'anyan, with great precision (Dahl 1951 & 1977). We therefore know that the immigrants spoke a language with a structure rather similar to that of Ma'anyan (Dahl, 1938) (109).
- The language of the substratum seems so similar to Comorian forms of Bantu "that we may consider it as a Comorian dialect." This is not difficult to understand as the easiest way from the African continent to Madagascar is to pass through the Comoro islands, especially in the small crafts of those olden times (110).
- There is thus a great parallelism in the development of voiceless stops in Comorian and Malagasy, and in Malagasy this is the case not only in Bantu words, but also in the words inherited from Austronesian. A substratum nearly related to Comoro, or even being a Comoro dialect, seems to be the only possible explanation (113).
- (.) Malagasy has eliminated consonantic finals, and this has taken place after the immigration into Madagascar. However, all the final consonants were not eliminated or changed into intervocalic position at the same time. Final nasals reamained in this position longer than other consonants. Still the influence from the substratum is evident. Anyone who has taught French to Malagasy children will have observed how difficult the pronunciation of final consonants is to speakers of a language with only vocalic finals (119).
- All these changes after the immigration into Madagascar find their simplest explanation in the influence of a Bantu substratum. And both the phonetic development of the Bantu vocabulary in general and the special development of the voiceless stops in AN words show the near affinity of the substratum to the Comoro isolects. Most of the Bantu words in Malagasy have also cognates in Comoro and Swahili. If Comoro had been better known, we should probably have found more of them there (120).
dahlottochr 1991 1991. Migration from Kalimantan to Madagascar. Instituttet For sammenlignende kulturforskning. Serie B: Skrifter 82. Oslo: Norwegian University Press.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Austronesian linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
dahlottochr 1992 1992. Zanahary, Andrianahary, Andriamanitra. Désignation des êtres divins en malgache. In Disciplines croisées, edited by G. Condominas. Paris: Editions de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Missiology,
- Religion,
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Applied linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
dahlottochr 1993 1993. Language conflict in Madagascar around AD 700. In Language conflict and language planning, 59-68, edited by Ernst Håkon Jahr. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
dahlottochr 1995 1995. L'importance de la langue malgache dans la linguistique austronésienne et dans la linguistique gnérale. In Cultures of Madagascar: Ebb and flow of influences. Working papers series 2, 39-46, edited by Sandra Evers, and Marc Spindler. Leiden: International Institute for Asian Studies.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Austronesian linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
dahloeyvind 1992 1992. Quand le futur vient de derrière: Le concept malgache de temps et d'ordre du monde et conséquences pour le transfert de technologie. In Colloque pour chercheurs en sciences sociales et opérateurs économiques sur "Les changements sociaux dans la région du Vakinankaratra." Antsirabe 6-9 avril 1992. Antananarivo: Trano Printy Loterana.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Social sciences - other,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
dahloeyvind 1993a 1993a. Language. A doorway between human cultures. Tributes to Dr. Otto Chr. Dahl on his ninetieth birthday. Oslo: Novus Forlag.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Missiology,
- Religion,
- Language planning,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
This collection of papers contains some pertinent information on the work of Otto Chr Dahl, as well as on aspects of Malagasy archaeology, history and linguistics (nine out of the total of sixteen). Particularly of interest to us in the context of this survey are the articles by Claude Allibert, and Pierre Vérin (Linguistique, archéologie et l'exploration du passé malgache), by Dina Jeanne (Les débuts de l'évangélisation du Fihereña par les Luthériens Norvégiens 1874-1897), as well the paper by Roger-Bruno Rabenilaina (L'Intégration des différents parlers, signes manifestes de l'unicité de la langue malgache).
dahloeyvind 1993b 1993b. Malagasy meanings. PhD dissertation. Center for Intercultural Communication, School of Mission and Theology, Misjonshogskolens forlag.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Social sciences - other,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Vakinankaratra,
- Central,
- Merina,
This study has been the one of the greatest treasures found since we started learning about Malagasy history, culture, and language and should be read by everyone involved in cross-cultural work and particularly by those who endeavour to communicate with the Malagasy people. Working through this practical handbook took us on a journey of discovering ourselves and our own worldviews in relation to that of the Malagasy people; and in identifying with the many practical situations described, we could relate and learn to empathise and were alerted to the fact that we need to let go of our own cultural assumptions, if we wish to truly relate to our friends in Madagascar and not be yet another costly, but passing, irrelevance in the long history of cross-cultural interaction.
dahloeyvind 1999 1999. Meanings in Madagascar. Cases of intercultural communication. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Social sciences - other,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Vakinankaratra,
- Central,
- Merina,
dalmondpierre 1987 1987. Exercices en langue Sakalava et Betsimisaraka (1841-1844). Recherches et Documents 3.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Dialectology,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Sakalava,
- Western,
- Betsimisaraka,
- Eastern,
dandouauandrejean 1911 1911. Catalogue alphabétique des noms malgaches de végetaux. Antananarivo: Imprimerie Officielle de la Colonie.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
dandouauandrejean 1924 1924. Dialogues français-Sakalava (dialecte de Nossi-Be et du sambirano). Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache 6:91-157.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Applied linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Northern Sakalava,
- Sakalava,
- Western,
decaryraymond&castelremy 1941 1941. Modalités et conséquences des migrations intérieures récentes des populations malgaches. Antananarivo: Imprimerie Officielle de la Colonie.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
decaryraymond&faubleejacques 1960 1960. Contribution au folklore des populations côtières. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache n.s. 36:273-300.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Ethnography,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
decaryraymond 1928 1928. Lexique français-antandroy. Mémoires de l'Académie malgache 8. Antananarivo: Imprimerie Officielle de la Colonie.
- language(s):
- French, Tandroy Malagasy
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Applied linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Tandroy (Antandroy, Ntandroy),
- Southern,
decaryraymond 1935 1935. Les tatouages chez les indigènes de Madagascar. Journal de la Société des Africanistes 5:1-39.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
decaryraymond 1940 1940. Carte ethnographique et démographique de Madagascar à l'échelle du 1000000. Note explicative. Antananarivo: Imprimerie Officielle de la Colonie.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
decaryraymond 1950b 1950b. La population de Madagascar. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache n.s. 28:1-19.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Social sciences - other,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
decaryraymond 1951 1951. Mours et coutumes des malgaches. Collection de documents et de témoignages pour servir à l'histoire de notre temps. Paris: Payot.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
decaryraymond 1953 1953. La bouche et les dents dans les coutumes malgaches. Journal de la Société des Africanistes 23(1-2):35-42.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
decaryraymond 1964 1964. Contes et légendes du sud-ouest de Madagascar. Les littératures populaires de toutes les nations n.s. 11. Paris: G.-P. Maisonneuve et Larose.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Ethnography,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- South-western,
delcroixfrancoise&faurouxemmanuel 1992 1992. Les racines cérémonielles du clientélisme et du pouvoir local dans les villages Sakalava du Menabe. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 33-36:213-222.
- language(s):
- French
delivrealain 1974 1974. Interprétation d'une tradition orale. L'Histoire des rois d'Imerina. Paris: Klincksieck.
- language(s):
- French
deschampshubert&vianess 1959 1959. Les malgaches du sud-est. Monographies ethnologiques. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Zafisoro,
- Tefasy (Antefasy, Antaifasy),
- Eastern,
- Tesaka (Antesaka, Antaisaka),
- Temoro (Antemoro, Antaimoro),
- Antambahoaka (Tambahoaka),
- Sahavoay,
- Sahafatra,
- South-eastern,
Very pertinent and detailed information concerning people groups of the South East of Madagascar, not indifferent to the struggles of missionaries in the area.
deschampshubert 1934 1934. Les Antaisaka. La Revue de Madagascar 8:25-39.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Tesaka (Antesaka, Antaisaka),
- Eastern,
Undemanding description of the Tesaka people, not very detailed, but with some important information on the social unit which is the clan, as well as on traditional dancing, the "national art form" of the Tesaka.
deschampshubert 1936 1936. Les Antaisaka. Géographie Humaine, coutumes et histoire d'une population malgache. Antananarivo: Pitot de la Beaujardière.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Tesaka (Antesaka, Antaisaka),
- Eastern,
deschampshubert 1959 1959. Les migrations intérieures passées et présentes à Madagascar. L'homme d'outre-mer 1. Paris: Editions Berger-Levrault.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
dezjacques 1956 1956. Quelques réflexions sur les problèmes actuels de la linguistique malgache. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache n.s. 34:81-103.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
dezjacques 1961 1961. Le dialecte Betsimisaraka du sud. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache n.s. 38:102-103.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Dialectology,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Southern Betsimisaraka (Antatsimo, Tatsimo),
- Betsimisaraka,
- Eastern,
dezjacques 1963a 1963a. Aperçus pour une dialectologie de la langue malgache. Bulletin de Madagascar 204:441-451.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Dialectology,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
Professor Dez was aiming to give an overview of the Malagasy dialects and this was published over three articles in the Bulletin de Madagascar.
Selected quotes:
- Certains se demanderont peut-être si cette vue d'ensemble était bien nécessaire. Parmi eux, il y a ceux qui croient qu'il n'y a pas de langue malgache, mais que les diverses populations de l'Ile usent de langages qui leur sont propres et incompréhensibles pour les autres. Parmi eux, il y a également ceux qui estiment que, parce qu'il a une langue malgache officielle, tout ce qui n'est pas elle, n'est que jargon sans intérêt et condamné par son inutilité à disparaître tôt ou tard (441).
dezjacques 1963b 1963b. Aperçus pour une dialectologie de la langue malgache II. Bulletin de Madagascar 205:507-520.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Dialectology,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
dezjacques 1963c 1963c. Aperçus pour une dialectologie de la langue malgache III. Bulletin de Madagascar 206:581-607.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Dialectology,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
dezjacques 1971 1971. Au pays Betsimisaraka: Habitat et communications. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache n.s. 47(1-2):115-145.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Social sciences - other,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Betsimisaraka,
- Eastern,
Selected quotes:
- Les populations betsimisaraka vivent dans la forêt et de la forêt. (115)
dezjacques 1978a 1978a. Le malgache. In Inventaire des études linguistiques sur les pays d'Afrique noire d'expression française et sur Madagascar, 331-349, edited by Daniel Barreteau. Paris: CILF.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Qualitative research,
- Research,
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
In this article Jacques Dez gives an overview of the history of Malagasy linguistics, dividing it into four periods, namely 16th-18th century; the 19th century; the colonial period; since 1960. He then gives a bibliographic complement, as of 1970. In a later article (1991), Dez takes up the same issues, updating them and adding some new insights.
Selected quotes:
- Les parlers en usage à Madagascar (exception faite, évidemment, de ceux des groupes reconnus commes allogènes) ne constitue pas un groupe de langues, mais sont des modalités de manifestation d'une langue unique (131).
- Tous ces parlers présentent donc les mêmes caractéristiques fondamentale de structure grammaticale et lexicale et ne diffèrent guère entre eux que par des varientes localisées de vocabulaire et par 'l'accent', comme l'écrivait déjà E. de Flacourt en introduction à son "Dictionnaire de la langue de Madagascar" (1658) (132).
- (.) à la fin du 19ème siècle, il y avait un malgache protestant et un malgache catholique, nettement distinguables, le premier meilleur connaisseur des usages traditionnels, le second, plus influencé par celui du français de Madagascar. Depuis,l'évolution s'est faite dans un rapprochement des deux vers une sorte de malgache-standard (137).
dezjacques 1978b 1978b. Les sources Européennes anciennes de la linguistique malgache. Paris: Université de Paris 7.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Austronesian linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Sakalava,
- Western,
- Tanosy (Antanosy),
- South-eastern,
- Tandroy (Antandroy, Ntandroy),
- Southern,
- Merina,
- Central,
- Saint Mariens,
- Eastern,
- Betsimisaraka,
Dez gives an insightful overview and appreciation of older European sources on the Malagasy language, sorted under nationality of author; He situates each author in historical context.
Selected quotes:
- A ce jour, l'intérêt offert par l'étude des sources anciennes n'est nullement épuis. Il demeure, au contraire, d'une extrême actualité. (27)
dezjacques 1981 1981. Vocabulaire pour servir au déchiffrement des documents Arabico-malgaches. Paris: Département de Recherches Linguistiques, Université de Paris VII.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Temoro (Antemoro, Antaimoro),
- Eastern,
dezjacques 1983b 1983b. Les sora-Be. Sources documentaires. Paris: Département de Recherches Linguistiques, Université de Paris VII.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Temoro (Antemoro, Antaimoro),
- Eastern,
dezjacques 1988 1988. La linguistique malgache: Situation actuelle. In Linguistique de Madagascar et des Comores. Etudes Océan Indien 9, 81-90, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
dezjacques 1989 1989. La langue malgache: Approche d'une bibliographie linguistique.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Qualitative research,
- Research,
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
Professor Jacques Dez offers here a bibliography of Malagasy linguistics, which could go a long way to guide researchers in their need of references. His inventory mentions 1700 works, representing 700 different authors, over the different time periods of interest, starting with the seventeenth century until the time of publication in 1989. The bibliography contains three bibliographies: namely a bibliography of linguistics relating to the official language, a bibliography of Malagasy dialectology, and a bibliography of arabico-malagasy. The difference between the first two bibliographies lies in the imbalance in information between the official language and the dialects, the former having received much more attention from researchers, the latter consisting of rare and scattered bits, difficult to access, and generally few in number.
Professor Dez has organised the information according to themes so as to facilitate the search and accompanies a few of the more complicated entries with short notes of explanation.
dezjacques 1991 1991. La linguistique malgache. Bref aperçu historique. Archives et documents: Société d'histoire et d'épistémologie des sciences du langage (SHESL) 2(5). Paris: Université de Paris 7.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Language planning,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
Professor Dez introduces his historical overview with a short but excellent description of the Malagasy language. He then traces the development of Malagasy linguistics from the beginning of European contact with Madagascar in the 1600's until today, distinguishing in its development four different periods, namely:
First: from 1500's till 1820: the discovery;
Second: 1820-1900: forming years of traditional grammar; beginning of the first Malagasy linguistics;
Third: 1900-1970: traditional grammar rules;
Fourth: since 1970, the period of the second Malagasy linguistics; traditional grammar rejected.
Dez describes each of these four periods, supported with a brief mention of authors and their contributions during each. This brief analysis of the state of Malagasy linguistics until 1991 provides the reader with clear insights and a good overview of the situation.
dezjacques 1993 1993. Une contribution anglaise à la connaissance de la langue malgache: L'enquête dialectale du révérend J. Richardson (1893). Atlas linguistique et ethnographique de Madagascar. Travaux préliminaires 2. Strasbourg: Université des Sciences Humaines.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Dialectology,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Applied linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Sambirano,
- Sakalava,
- Western,
- Zafisoro,
- Tefasy (Antefasy, Antaifasy),
- Eastern,
- Hova,
- Merina,
- Central,
- Tanala (Antanala),
- Temoro (Antemoro, Antaimoro),
- Tankarana (Antankarana, Tekarana, Antekarana),
- Northern,
- Betsileo,
- Bezanozano,
- Sihanaka,
- Vakinankaratra,
- Betsimisaraka,
- Masikoro,
- South-western,
- Vezo,
- Bara,
- Southern,
dinajeanne&hoernerjeanmichel 1976 1976. Etude sur les populations Mikea du sud-ouest de Madagascar. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 3-4.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Social sciences - other,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Mikea,
- South-western,
- Masikoro,
Very concise article explaining the problem of the Mikea. No bibliography attached to this copy.
domenichinijeanpierre 1971 1971. Histoire des Palladium d'Imerina d'après des manuscrits anciens. Texte bilingue. Antananarivo: Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie de l'Université de Madagasar.
- language(s):
- French
domenichinijeanpierre 1981 1981. "La plus belle enigme du monde" ou L'historiographie coloniale en question. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 13-14:57-76.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
Jean-Pierre Domenichini refutes some of the assumptions and theories of colonial historians and anthropologists concerning Madagascar. He situates colonialism in the subjective frame it belongs to, in the face of the opposing nationalism, but of which both currents proclaim the profound unity of the Malagasy people. He says that "la colonisation, qui s'attribue le mérite d'avoir mis fin aux guerres tribales et d'unifier politiquement - avec la conquête et la pacification de l'époque de Gallieni - et socialement les populations de la Grande Ile, s'oppose au nationalisme et tout à la fois le rejoint, lorsque celui-ci insiste sur l'unité profonde et ancienne de Madagascar et construit l'unité de l'avenir sur celle du passé." (61). According to Domenichini there has been a Malagasy culture on the great island since at the latest 5AD, when according to a glotttochronological study by Vérin et al the divergence commenced.
Selected quotes:
- "Pour coloniser, il faut connaître les peuples, leur langue, leurs coutumes, leurs mours, savoir quelles sont leurs origines dans le passé, les affinités qu'ils présentent avec d'autres groupes humains" Gallieni in 1902, cité par Henri Poisson (57).
domenichinijeanpierre 1986 1986. Les dieux au service des rois. Histoire orale des Sampin'Andriana ou Palladiums royaux de Madagascar. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Ethnography,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
domenichiniramiaramananabakoly&domenichinijeanpierre 1979 1979. La tradition malgache, une source pour l'histoire de l'océan Indien. Taloha 8:57-81.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Ethnography,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
domenichiniramiaramananabakoly 1968 1968. Hainteny d'autrefois, poèmes traditionnels malgaches receuillis au début du règne de Ranavalona I (1828-1861). Haintenin'ny fahiny, voaangona tamin'ny voalohandohan'ny nanjakan-dranavalona I. Antananarivo: Librairie Mixte.
- language(s):
- French
domenichiniramiaramananabakoly 1977 1977. Le malgache. Essai de description sommaire 1. Paris: SELAF.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
This description of the Malagasy language may be "sommaire," but is for that very reason useful as a reference work. Mme. Domenichini gives an overview of the Malagasy language, which clarifies some important structural and functional matters to the student of the Malagasy language. At the time of writing, I am a beginner-student of the language and have gained many helpful insights from her work. I will certainly return to it many times.
The introduction to this work provides interesting historical and sociolinguistic information and is then followed by four chapters describing the phonic, syntactic, grammatical and lexical elements of the Merina language, which the author says was chosen as topic because of its official status and history.
Selected quotes:
- La langue officielle, 'malagasy' ou 'gasy', est fondée sur le dialecte 'merina' et l'ensemble des dialectes malgaches appartient au rameau hespéronésien de la branche malayo-polynésienne des langues austronésiennes. Le malgache classique a été transcrit pour la première fois au XVIIIIe siècle dans un alphabet arabico-malgache appelé 'sorabé'. Des trois groupes de dialectes, le groupe central compte le plus de locuteurs, environ la moitié des malgachophones, et à l'intérieur de ce groupe la position la plus centrale est occupée par le betsileo mais l'auteur a choisi de décrire le merina du même groupe, en raison de son statut officiel et de son histoire (9).
- [En 1974] le malgache (était) (.) l'une des deux langues officielles (la secone étant le français) de l'île de Madagascar et des petites îles qui en dépendent territorialement. Mais son domaine s'étend également à certaines parties des Comores (population parlant soit un patois malgache, soit un sabir swahilo-malgache) et son influence est perceptible dans les créoles français des Mascareignes (15).
- Plus de 50% des Malgaches sont des adeptes des religions "traditionnelles" (cultes dynastiques, culte des ancêtres, rites de possession, rites agraires, rites de guérison, etc); un peu plus de 40% sont chrétiens ou christianisés; quant aux musulmans, malgré l'importance de l'influence passée de l'Islam-influence encore bien perceptible, de nos jours, en certaines régions-, ce sont essentiellement des immigrants et ils ne constituent que 1,5% de la population.
Les phénomènes de 'glossolalie' dans les rites de possession étant des phénomènes sans régularité et se limitant de surcroît au français et aux dialectes malgaches, les catholiques abandonnant de plus en plus l'usage du latin, et les anglicans n'"archaïsant" plus (en malgache) que dans les psaumes, sauf à dire que le malgache officiel, là ou il n'est pas langue maternelle, peut apparaître parfois comme une langue liée au christianisme et notamment au protestantisme, on peut affirmer que, des malgachophones, seules quelques minorités utilisent réellement une langue religieuse différente de la langue de relation:-certains groupes vazimba qui utilisent dans les rituels un langage ésotérique 'non-malgache'?, d'une part, et-d'autre part, les musulmans et certains islamisés (16). - De fait, le malgache classique que la France coloniale s'efforça d'éliminer chez ses locuteurs d'origine à partir de 1896, était une langue déjà dotée d'une littérature abondante et dont on saisit plus exactement l'importance au fur et à mesure de la découverte de nouveaux manuscrits. Il s'agissait par ailleurs d'une langue qui servait depuis près d'un siècle de langue d'enseignement et de langue d'administration dans les provinces de la monarchie, qui s'étendaient à peu près aux deux tiers de l'île (20).
- Dans l'état actuel des connaissances, l'on s'entend à reconnaître l'existence à Madagascar de deux ou de trois groupes dialectaux se différenciant essentiellement par la prononciation ( b-v, f-v, f-h, l-r, k-g, k-h, li-di, ti-ci,etc) et le vocabulaire o- la divergence est notamment favorisée par le jeu des interdits. L'intercompréhension est néanmoins assurée dans toute l'île puisque les vocabulaires de base des deux dialectes les plus divergents (sakalava et tambahoaka) présentent encore 60% de mots communs. Ces groupes dialectaux reconnus sont, par ordre d'importance numérique des locuteurs d'origine:
A. le groupe formé par les dialectes du Centre, de l'Est et du Sud-Est,
B. le groupe formé par les dialectes de l'Ouest et du Sud,
C. le groupe formé par les dialectes du Nord, qui est parfois considéré comme un simple sous-groupe de l'un ou de l'autre.
Cela dit, il n'est pas sans intérêt de noter que, soit que l'on se fonde sur la phonologie, soit que l'on se se fonde sur la lexicostatistique, le dialecte qui occupe la position la plus centrale est le betsilio de Fianarantsoa qui appartient en principe au groupe A (.).
A l'intérieur du groupe A, le merina appartient au sous-groupe du Centre (merina, betsileo d'Ambositra, betsileo de Fianarantsoa, sihanaka, bezanozano) dont le nombre de locuteurs d'origine représente près de la moitié des malgachophones, les autres sous-groupes étant le sous-groupe de l'Est et le sous-groupe du Sud-Est. Ce qu'on appelle merina comporte lui-même divers parlers correspondant grosso modo aux anciennes principautés qui furent réunies en un seul royaume à la fin du XVIIIe siècle ( Imerina traditionnel, Imamo, Vakinankaratra, etc.) (.) (20-21). - La langue classique vieillie est celle qui repose sur le corpus de textes transcrits au XIXe siècle (littérature et tradition orale), tandis que la 'langue classique actuelle' est celle qui est reconnue par l'Académie Malgache (séance du 16 avril 1964) et qui se fonde sur 'l'usage adopté par la majeure partie de nos bons écrivains'. En ce sens, la 'langue classique actuelle' recouvre à peu près les niveaux couramment dénommés 'langue cultivée' et 'langue soignée' (.). C'est une langue qu'on trouve en usage, seule ou concurremment avec le français, dans les églises, dans les prétoires, dans les académies, à l'Université (o- il existe aussi des cours de malgache dialectal) et dans les écoles secondaires (l'enseignement primaire se faisant, selon les directives ministérielles, 'dans la langue que comprennent les enfants', ce qui est normalement interprété comme une invitation à recourir, selon la région, au dialecte qui s'y trouve majoritaire), ainsi que dans la plupart des discours publics (.) (22).
- Enfin, en ce qui est de l'argot, seul semble être un véritable argot constitué celui des Zoam (.) (23).
- Dans le domaine de l'écrit, seul le malgache classique est actuellement d'un usage courant dans l'ensemble du pays, à côté du français (.).
Concernant la transcription des textes dialectaux, des groupes d'études s'attachent actuellement à la recherche d'un système de transcription acceptable par tous (.) (23). - Sans conteste au niveau des individus, mais dans une certaine mesure également au niveau de la masse, bilinguisme et plurilinguisme sont à Madagascar des situations courantes, qu'il s'agisse de dialectes ou qu'il s'agisse de langues. Dans un cas comme dans l'autre, le nombre de ceux qui comprennent sans pouvoir s'exprimer est évidemment plus grand que celui de ceux qui possèdent réellement deux ou plusieurs codes (23).
- Néanmoins, abstraction faite des phénomènes liés à la lutte pour le pouvoir, il résulte de la très proche parenté entre les dialectes que la situation apparaît comme "normale" à l'intérieur du domaine malgache, alors qu'elle apparaît comme "critique" dans le domaine du bilinguisme franco-malgache (.) (24).
- (.) la rapide malgachisation des Makoa d'origine africaine arrivés à la fin du XIXe siècle et au début du XXe siècle (seuls quelques vieillards parlent encore une langue non-malgache) (.) (18).
domenichiniramiaramananabakoly 1983 1983. Du ohabolana au hainteny. Langue, littérature et politique à Madagascar. Paris: Editions Karthala.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Ethnography,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Social sciences - other,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
domenichiniramiaramananabakoly 1985 1985. De quelques aspects du fanjakana Antambahoaka. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 21-22:9-17.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Antambahoaka (Tambahoaka),
- Eastern,
duboishenrimarie 1938 1938. Monographie des Betsileo (Madagascar). Travaux et mémoires de l'institut d'ethnologie 34. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie.
- language(s):
- French
duboishenrimarie 1950 1950. La religion malgache. Cahiers Charles de Foucauld 21:70-100.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
dyenisidore 1953 1953. Review of Otto Dahl, Malgache et Manjaan. Language 29(4):577-590.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Austronesian linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
eggertkarl 1979 1979. Mahafaly as misnomer. Paper prepared in advance for participants in Burg Wartenstein symposium, no 83: human adjustment in time and space in Madagascar, August 18-27, 1979.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Mahafale (Mahafaly),
- Southern,
In this paper Karl Eggert discusses eight kinds of social groups that the people living in the Mahafaly region identify with, namely traño, foko, tariha, karazana, ziva, then what he calls cultural groups: local and intra-regional, and gasy. He then discusses the name Mahafale in terms of the meaning and the value of the concept where the people themselves do not relate to it in the way "outsiders" view it. The following quotation sums up his thinking:
"The literature classifies the Mahafaly Region's predominant population as Mahafaly. However, the region's contemporary residents neither call themselves Mahafaly nor claim to be members of an all-encompassing Mahafaly group. They describe themselves, instead, as many different people with membership in many different groups." (20).
His paper provides interesting insights, but some of the main points, such as a group being given a name by outsiders, while the internal consciousness of the group is totally different, could be applied to many other populations of Madagascar.
eggertkarl 1981 1981. Who are the Mahafaly? Cultural and social misidentifications in southwestern Madagascar. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 13-14:149-176.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Mahafale (Mahafaly),
- Southern,
This is certainly the best of the three papers by Eggert available on the subject of the cultural identity of the people who live in the Mahafaly region. He enlarged the bibliography and organised the contents of his paper in a more logical way. He restated the "Gasy" identity that he found to exist in the region, by situating it within the larger Malagasy context. This paper comes across as less sectarian than the other two.
On page 166, he says in a footnote by the phrase "Gasy, by their own definition, speak a different language than the rest of Madagascar's people."
"The people's claim stands in contrast to the common assumption that is made in the literature that all of Madagascar's people speak the same language, or at least regional dialects of it (e.g. Deschamps 1965:19, and Rajemsa-Raolison 1966:184). Yet, in an objective, linguistic sense there may be more to what the people say than at first meets the eye. Vérin, Kottak, and Gorlin (1969), using a one hundred item basic word list, found that four major Malagasy "dialects" spoken in the section of Madagascar that Gasy believe to be their homeland, have a shared cognate rate of only 60 to 70% with the Merina dialect of Malagasy, the island's official dialect. Since many linguists draw the line at which different dialects diverge enough to become different languages at a 70% rate of shared cognates (Dyen 1965:18), the language that Gasy speak may indeed be another language." (166).
This quote reflects on the purpose of our study, namely to try and assess degrees of intelligibility among Malagasy "ways of speaking."
However, Eggert's paper does seem a bit naïve in some ways and in particular concerning the issue of "Gasy" as a "cultural group." It is as though his study grant was used up before he could get to the bottom of things and then he was perhaps too quick to document his unverified findings.
eggertkarl 1986 1986. Mahafaly as misnomer. In Madagascar: Society and history 38, 321-335, edited by Conrad Phillip Kottak, Jean-Aimé Rakotoarisoa, Aidan Southall, and Pierre Vérin. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Mahafale (Mahafaly),
- Southern,
This paper is the exact replica of the 1979 unpublished paper by the same author and has been slightly altered since the version published in "Omaly sy Anio" (1981).
elleb 1928 1928. Notes sur les tribus de la province de Farafangana. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache 4:126-123.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Zafisoro,
- Tefasy (Antefasy, Antaifasy),
- Eastern,
- Betsileo,
- Central,
- Tanala (Antanala),
elliluigi 1988 1988. Dizionario Bara-Italiano. Fianarantsoa: Editions Ambozontany.
- language(s):
- Bara Malagasy, Italian
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Applied linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
The most recent dictionary of the Bara language. A comparison with that of Jensenius (1908) and Peressutti (1969) might reveal some interesting language development.
elliluigi 1993 1993. Une civilisation du bouf: Les Bara de Madagascar. Difficultés et perspectives d'une évangélisation. Collection "Gasikarako". Fianarantsoa: Editions Ambozontany.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Missiology,
- Religion,
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Social sciences - other,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
This publication of Luigi Elli's Mémoire de Maîtrise, June 1991, Institut Catholique de Paris, covers many aspects of the Bara civilisation in detail and then discusses, in a second part, certain issues relating to the evangelisation of the Bara.
This work provides an excellent insight into Bara culture, especially as far as culture involves the Zébu. And as the Zébu is involved in every aspect of Bara life, this book covers a large part of it. A quick scanning of the bibliography reveals that most writing concerning the Bara was done in and before the first half of the twentieth century.
Elli introduces his manuscript with an account of "La mort de Rebozaky: un phénomène social total" which is an excellent rencontre with the realities of Bara life and custom. He gives other such accounts, such as "le bilo."
For the purposes of our study, the author's remarks on the importance of the Bara dialect are essential. He mentions that although the people are mostly illiterate, they are deep thinkers. He says that official Malagasy is nothing else but the Merina dialect that was enriched by words from dialects "of the coast" and that although many Bara know it, they don't speak it and consider their own way of speaking to be "real Malagasy." Like French, the Merina way of speaking is that of a stranger.
It is clear that the author knows the Bara people and can be seen as an authority on their way of life.
Selected quotes:
- Nous avons vu qu'une des raisons qui montrent la religion chrétienne sous un jour défavorable aux yeux des Bara, c'est le fait qu'elle est la religion de ceux qui détenaient et qui détiennent le pouvoir, le 'fanjakana' (.). Les missionnaires, même aujourd'hui, (.) sont souvent pris par les Bara pour des fonctionnaires: 'Hanareo fanjaka' (Vous, du Gouvernement), dit-on à l'adresse du missionnaire, et cela s'entend encore très souvent. Mais les gens du 'fanjakana' ont une mauvaise renommée chez les Bara, à cause de leur corruption (163).
- Parmi les attitudes qui frappent le plus positivement les Bara il faut compter le respect. Nous avons vu comment ils sont méprisés par les 'civilisés' et par les chrétiens (.). Ce respect, cette sympathie et amitié doivent s'exprimer surtout par un effort de connaissance approfondie et scientifique de leur langue et de leurs us et coutumes (164).
- Une des tfches les plus importantes pour un missionnaire sera l'étude approfondie et scientifique du dialecte bara (.). Le missionnaire arrivé à Madagascar apprend le malgache officiel (malagasy iombonana), qui n'est pas autre chose que le dialecte merina enrichi de mots provenants des dialectes dits 'côtiers' (165).
- Le malgache officiel est assez aisément compris par tout le monde dans la Grande Ile, donc aussi par les Bara. Mais très peu parmi eux le parlent. La langue de tous les jours c'est bien le dialecte. Qui parle le 'malagasy iombonana' se présente comme un étranger, et est perçu comme tel par les gens (.). Pour les Bara, comme pour les autres ethnies du sud, c'est leur dialecte qui est la vraie langue malgache (165).
- (.) mais dès mes premières tournées parmi les Bara je me suis nettement aperçu que la langue officiel que je parlais était un obstacle de plus à la communication (165).
- (.) un étranger parlant ou s'efforçant de parler leur dialecte les rendait heureux; les portes des maisons, et les cours des personnes, s'ouvrent plus facilement au missionnaire qui parle comme eux, et ils perçoivent cette attention comme une marque d'estime et de respect (165).
- Ce qu'il faut savoir sur les Bara:
-le'tatara raza' du clan ou du lignage: l'origine, les noms des chefs les plus représentatifs, les migrations;
-la structure socio-politique, la place du patriarche;
-la signification de l'hazomanga;
-les fomban-draza (naissance, circoncision, mariage, socialisation des enfants, bilo, les rites funéraires); le système religieux;
-les proverbes et les contes;
-le bouf et sa place dans la culture bara (166). - le lien indissoluble entre le religieux et le social (167).
- ce serait demander le suicide social que d'exiger d'un chrétien de s'abstenir de la participation à ces rites (168).
- Sur plus de onze millions d'habitants, la Grande Ile compte aujourd'hui à peu près six millions de chrétiens, toutes confessions confondues, dont plus de la moitié sont catholiques. Les chrétiens sont assez inégalement répartis: si les Merina et les Betsileos des Hauts-Plateaux sont chrétiens presque à 100%, les tribus du sud (Bara, Tandroy, Mahafaly), au contraire, le sont peut-être à 10%, et les Bara le sont moins que les Tandroy (133).
- Il n'y a pas à proprement parler, un peuple Bara ou une tribu Bara. Ceux qui s'appellent aujourd'hui Bara sont les membres de clans qui ont des origines très disparates, dans l'espace comme dans le temps. Les Bara, avec raison, ne se reconnaissent pas une origine commune. Les Bara actuels sont en grande partie les descendants des sujets des rois de famille Zafimanely. Un autre élément de cohésion d'un peuple c'est la langue. Malgré des différences locales inévitables, la langue bara, avec ses variations régionales, par rapport au malgache officiel, surtout au niveau du lexique et de la prononciation, se distingue assez nettement de la langue parlée par les autres ethnies de la région. Avec un peu de pratique on distingue aisément, à la façon de parler, un Bara d'un Tandroy, d'un Mahafaly, d'un Sakalava, d'un Betsileo, d'un Tesaka ou d'un Tanôsy. Les Bara ont aussi en commun un patrimoine de coutumes (.) (136).
- Les Tandroy montent vers le nord, qui est mieux arrosé que leur pays. A l'est les Tesaka, les Tanala, les Tanôsy progressent. Les riziculteurs Betsileo ont envahi le nord du pays bara et aujourd'hui on les trouve partout, là o- les conditions géographiques permettent d'avoir de belles rizières. Si plus aucune frontière géographique ne sépare les Bara des autres ethnies, des frontières, assez nettes, d'une autre espèce, existent quand même toujours. Ces frontières sont moins précises dans l'unité de tout le sud de Madagascar (seules la langue, l'histoire et certaines coutumes distinguent les Bara des autres ethnies du sud); elles sont beaucoup plus marquées entre les Bara et les Betsileo (137).
- L'attachement farouche que les Bara ont pour la tradition ancestrale les fait se méfier de toute nouveauté(.) méfiance envers l'Etat moderne et ses représentants les fonctionnaires et les gendarmes, appellés 'vazaha', c'est-à-dire Blancs, Européens, donc étrangers; mais l'enseignement se heurte également à la méfiance des gens, surtout parce qu'il enlève les jeunes au travail des champs et les empêche d'aller aux pfturages avec les boufs. Même pour ce qui a trait à l'agriculture ou à l'élevage, ils restent attachés à la tradition (.) aussi, (.) la religion chrétienne (.) La vie, et donc la survie du groupe sont liées indissolublement à la fidélité aux 'fomban-draza' (les coutumes ancestrales). Toute atteinte à ces coutumes est une atteinte à la vie du groupe (.) (138).
- Cinquante ans après (Faublée: la cohésion.) je peux dire que si un affaiblissement de la tradition s'est produit, il est minime et les fomban-draza continuent à régler la vie des Bara (139).
- Les Bara pensent avoir une responsabilité morale vis-à-vis des générations passées et des générations à venir. Les générations actuellement vivantes ne considèrent pas les fomban-draza comme une propriété dont elles pourraient disposer à leur guise, mais comme un héritage reçu des ancêtres et à transmettre aux générations à venir (139).
elliluigi 1999 1999. Fomba Bara. Fianarantsoa: Editions Ambozontany.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
elliluigi 2001 2001. Dictionnaire Bara-Français.
- language(s):
- Bara Malagasy, French
ellisstephen 1985 1985. The rising of the red shawls. A revolt in Madagascar 1895-1899. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Social sciences - other,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
elmendorfwilliamw 1951 1951. Word taboos and lexical change in coast Salish. International Journal of American Linguistics 17:205-208.
- language(s):
- English
esoavelomandrosofaranirinav 1976 1976. Langue, culture et civilisation à Madagascar: Malgache et français dans l'enseignement officiel (1916-1940). Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 3-4:105-155.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Language planning,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Social sciences - other,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
esoavelomandrosomanasse 1986c 1986c. Milieux naturel et peuplement de l'Androy. In Madagascar: Society and history 38, 121-131, edited by Conrad Phillip Kottak, Jean-Aimé Rakotoarisoa, Aidan Southall, and Pierre Vérin. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Social sciences - other,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Tandroy (Antandroy, Ntandroy),
- Southern,
Esoavelomandroso discusses the relationship between the natural milieu of the arid Androy region and the people who live there. He points out that there is no agreement on the name "Androy" and its derivatives, most authors being convinced that the name "roy" refers to the "thorns" that abound there, another seeing no other meaning in the name Androy than that of it being the homeland of the Tandroy people. The name has only been used since end of the seventeenth century. Northern Androy is a humid region, an area of vast pasturelands and little populated, whereas the area south of the Tsihombe-Ambovombe road is much dryer and suffers from a lack of good water, but contains a relatively larger population than the northern area, because of a more fertile soil. This is the area rich in chalky soil and limestone. The Karimbola and Mahandrovato, who live south of the Ambovombe-Tsihombe-Beloha line claim to be the first inhabitants of the area. Different clans were added to these groups, among which the Zafimanara, who subdued the Mahandrovato, obtained control of the Karimbola and then favoured the immigration of different groups from the east, west and north: Sakalava, Bara and others. The author, who is of Tañalaña origin, ends his discussion on the different immigrations with the following statement: "L'étude de ce peuplement montre aussi que les Antandroy qui tirent leur spécificité de leur histoire et du milieu naturel dans lequel ils vivent, proviennent d'une série de métissages ou de mélanges pluri-séculaires. Est-il encore besoin de préciser la profonde unité du sud qui a contribué au peuplement de l'androy, et par-delà ce sud, l'unité de la culture malgache?" (130).
esoavelomandrosomanasse 1989a 1989a. Notes sur les espaces economiques du Mahafale occidental à la fin du XIXe siècle. Cahiers du Centre de Recherches Africaines 7:147-152.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Social sciences - other,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Mahafale (Mahafaly),
- Southern,
Manassé Esoavelomandroso is convinced of the homogeneity of the Tokobeitelo, a confederation of three clans in Western Mahafale, the Tevondrone, Temitongoa and Temilahehe, which he describes in this paper in terms of their mainly agrico-pastoral activities at the end of the nineteenth century. He also describes other resources tapped by these people, such as the sea and the forest and their interaction with slave traders which also shows their community spirit.
The author clarifies terminology which is important for understanding Tokobeitelo society:
raza: this term indicates the grand parents, the ancestors, the group that descends from a common ancestor which is the clan, the hazomanga (post for religious ceremonies) the vilo (earmark of the group's cattle).
famosora: different lineages within a raza or clan.
esoavelomandrosomanasse 1989b 1989b. Territoires et troupeaux des Temitongoa. In Histoire et organisation de l' espace à Madagascar. Cahiers du Centre de Recherches Africaines 7, 47-56, edited by Jean Fremigacci. Paris: CRA.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Social sciences - other,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Mahafale (Mahafaly),
- Southern,
A very instructive paper on aspects of Mahafale culture, not referred to as such, but referred to as "Temitongoa," a traditional clannic subgroup among the inhabitants of the Mahafale region. The author gives insightful definitions of terminology used in clear footnotes. Even though the main focus here is on habitat and cattle herding traditions, one acquires a better understanding of human relations in the South.
Selected quotes:
- Mais depuis quelques décennies, des communautés importantes de Mahafale, dont des Temitongoa, sont implantées hors de l'aire historique: le long de la nationale 7 entre Ankororoke et Andranovory, dans la région d'Ankazoabo, et sur la route de Morombe, entre Manja et Ankililoake. Dans ces enclaves, où elles se trouvent au contact des Tanôsy, des Bara et des Masikoro, elles ont réussi et réussissent encore à assurer la sécurité à leurs troupeaux. Elles ont résisté victorieusement aux voleurs et, dans les zones où les malaso (=cattle rustlers) font ou faisaient la loi, leurs troupeaux étaient préservés. Faut-il voir là un réflexe d'éleveurs ou le résultat d'une cohésion sociale vivante? J'opterai, pour ma part, pour la deuxième possibilité. En effet, les Bara et les Masikoro sont aussi des éleveurs et pourtant, ils n'ont pas eu la même réaction que ces Mahafale émigrés ou les Tandroy.
Mahafale et Tandroy se sont pris en charge pour défendre leurs troupeaux. Pour cela ils ont puisé dans leur histoire, dans leur culture, les éléments pour renforcer leur cohésion, gage de leur réussite. Sauront-ils ou pourront-ils préserver, sauvegarder et utiliser cette cohésion pour en faire des fondements de leur stratégie, afin d'affronter le monde moderne qui ne semble pas vouloir les prendre comme des partenaires à part entière mais paraît les voir comme obstacles au développement? (56).
esoavelomandrosomanasse 1992 1992. Les souverains du Menarandra dans la deuxième moitié du xixe siècle. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 33-36:287-298.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Mahafale (Mahafaly),
- Southern,
Manassé Esoavelomandroso has cleared up many an assumption regarding the Mahafaly, and in this paper he discusses the history of the southern part of this territory and in particular the fact that European sources have often represented southern Mahafale as the kingdom of the Menarandra, submitting to the authority of one man. The author shows how there was one dominant raza, the Befira, whose cohesion is represented by the mpisoro, who played both a ritual and political role. This dominance did not signify a united kingdom, but rather a loose confederation of interrelated but autonomous entities.
esoavelomandrosomanasse 1995 1995. Les formations politiques dans le Mahafale au xixe siècle. Talily 2:19-27.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Mahafale (Mahafaly),
- Southern,
The author discusses the political structures that existed in Mahafale country in the nineteenth century, where there coexisted three or four different kingdoms with a number of autonomous lineage communities (clans), who had their own territories and related independently with these kingdoms, never submitting to any of them. Some alliances existed, but there was no central political cohesion among the inhabitants of Mahafale, perhaps as the author suggests, due to the strong cohesion of each separate lineage. Instead of a more or less harmonious cohabitation among different powers operating in equilibrium for the common good, one finds the affirmation of powers and counter-powers in conflict. This was then easily exploited by the French colonial power, who found the political structures of Mahafale weakened through division.
fagerengedvin 1971 1971. Une famille de dynasties malgaches. Zafindravola, Maroseraña, Zafimbolamena, Andrevola, Zafimañely. Instituttet For sammenlignende kulturforskning. Serie B: Skrifter 56. Oslo-Bergen-Tromsö: Universitetsforlaget.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Andrevola,
- Masikoro,
- South-western,
- Zafindravola,
- Bara,
- Southern,
fagerengemile 1947 1947. Contribution à l'histoire de Madagascar. Histoire de la dynastie Zafindravola. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache n.s. 26:49-54.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Andrevola,
- Masikoro,
- South-western,
- Zafindravola,
- Bara,
- Southern,
- Zafimanely,
- Tsienimbalala,
- Mahafale (Mahafaly),
Selected quotes:
- On n'est pas au clair sur lequel de ces chefs conduisit une partie des Zafindravola, suivis de leurs sujets, les Tsienimbalala, vers leurs nouvelles habitations, mais il semble que les deux frères se soient d'abord établis à Lamatihy, au bord du Fiherena, à environ 120km de Tulear. Andrianomby est enterré à Bevato, au sud de Manera, dans cette même région. Tsimizetse poursuivit l'exode en remontant la rivière Manandone pour se fixer définitivement dans le Mikoboke, à l'ouest de la chaîne d'Analavelona. Il rencontra, à Trokomby, le chef Andrevola Faony. Un autre chef, Redrakake, était déjà partie pour Andakato, près de Manera, Tsimizetse occupa sa résidence vacante, près de Soatana.
Tsimialo sétait d'abord tabli aux bords de Sakondry, non loin de Tongobory, et il y est enterré. Son fils, Manananto (ou Renanto) partit ensuite pour Mikoboke, il est reconnu comme roi des zafindravola émigrés(par qui-my question). Il occupe en même temps le poste de chef de canton.
Les zqfindravola émigrés dans le Mikoboke ont toujours vécu en bons termes avec leurs voisins dans l'Ouest, les andrevola, et s'alliaient fréquemment avec eux pour se défendre contre les zafimanely, lorsque ces derniers envahirent le Bara-Imamono.
Ils ont gardé leur indépendence jusqu'à l'arrivée des troupes françaises d'occupation. A ce moment, ils ont pris le parti de se sauver dans l'Analavelona, mais n'ont pas tardé à faire leur soumission.
fagerengemile 1950a 1950a. Dynastie Andrevola. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache n.s. 28:136-159.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
Fagereng combines different sources to compile a very insightful history of the Andrevola, complete with a genealogy of the Andrevola chiefs until the turn of the last century. In the process, he draws links with other relevant groups of the time and fills in an essential chronology in the development of the population of Southwest Madagascar. He ends this article with a paragraph that might have suited the audiences of his time, but which sounds grotesque now: "Ainsi se termine le règne, peu glorieux; de la dynastie Andrevola (.). Il était donc temps qu'une grande nation civilisée se substituât à cette dynastie décadente, permettant aux forces civilisatrices et morales de la vieille Europe de réparer les dommages causés jusqu'alors par des trafiquants sans scrupules, et ouvrant à cette contrée une ère nouvelle de prospérité et de progrès" (158).
Sadly, the Southwest of Madagascar is still waiting for this new era of prosperity and progress.
fagerengemile 1950b 1950b. Histoire des Maroseranana du Menabe. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache n.s 28.
- language(s):
- French
fagerengemile 1981 1981. Origine des dynasties ayant régné dans le sud et l'ouest de Madagascar. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 13-14:125-140.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Sakalava,
- Western,
- Tanosy (Antanosy),
- South-eastern,
- Tandroy (Antandroy, Ntandroy),
- Southern,
- Mahafale (Mahafaly),
- Bara,
- Tanala (Antanala),
- Eastern,
A very sketchy paper, difficult to follow, recounting the traditional origins of four Southern dynasties, all of whom claim "vazaha" ancestry.
fanonyfulgence 1986 1986. A propos des Mikea. In Madagascar: Society and history 38, 133-142, edited by Conrad Phillip Kottak, Jean-Aimé Rakotoarisoa, Aidan Southall, and Pierre Vérin. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Mikea,
- South-western,
- Masikoro,
faridanonana 1977 1977. Rantimbolana. Diksionera Tsimihety. Antananarivo: Académie Malgache.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
faridanonana 1978 1978. Traits caractéristiques du dialecte Tsimihety. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache n.s. 54(1-2):23-26.
- language(s):
- French
faubleejacques 1941a 1941a. Dans le sud de Madagascar. Deux ans chez les Bara. In Compte rendu des séances de l'Académie des sciences coloniales, 344-354, edited by Académie des Sciences coloniales.
- language(s):
- French
faubleejacques 1942b 1942b. La prière sacrificielle chez les Bara. Journal de la Société des Africanistes 12:259.
- language(s):
- French
faubleejacques 1946 1946. Ethnographie de Madagascar. Paris: Ed. de France et d'Outre-Mer - La Nouvelle Edition.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Social sciences - other,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
faubleejacques 1947a 1947a. L'évolution des sociétés malgaches. La Revue de Madagascar 1947:73-81.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Social sciences - other,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
faubleejacques 1947b 1947b. Récits Bara. Travaux et mémoires de l'institut d'ethnologie 48. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie.
- language(s):
- French
faubleejacques 1948b 1948b. Villages Bara. Revue de géographie humaine et d'ethnographie 1:36-53.
- language(s):
- French
faubleejacques 1950 1950. Les esprits helu et leur rôle dans les religions malgaches. Les esprits de la vie à Madagascar. PhD dissertation. Université de Paris.
- language(s):
- French
faubleejacques 1950 1950. La cohésion des sociétés Bara. PhD dissertation. Université de Paris.
- language(s):
- French
faubleejacques 1951a 1951a. L'équilibre d'une société malgache traditionnelle: Les Bara. Cahiers Charles de Foucauld 6(21):165-175.
- language(s):
- French
faubleejacques 1952 1952. Sources de la littérature malgache. La Revue Française de l'Elite Européenne 36:81-83.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Ethnography,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
faubleejacques 1954b 1954b. Les esprits de la vie à Madagascar. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
- language(s):
- French
faubleejacques 1959 1959. Les sociétés malgaches. Origine, formation et évolution. L'année sociologique 3:322-328.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
faubleejacques 1964 1964. Langue et dialectes malgaches. In Communications et rapports du premier Congrès International de Dialectologie Générale, edited by A. J. van Windekens. Louvain.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Dialectology,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
faubleejacques 1984 1984. Les etudes littéraires malgaches de Jean Paulhan. Journal des Africanistes 54(1):79-93.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Ethnography,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
faubleejacques 1992 1992. Notes sur un clan du sud-est de Madagascar. Journal des Africanistes 62(2):155-160.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Temoro (Antemoro, Antaimoro),
- Eastern,
Some information on the inhabitants of Savan and three neighbouring villages, Satra, Manarivu and Seranambari; research from 1956 - Antemuru, Antetsimetu, Anakara (re: the work of Suzy Bernu: origins of the Antetsimetu clan).
faurouxemmanuel 1975 1975. La formation Sakalava ou l'histoire d'une articulation ratée. PhD dissertation. Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer.
- language(s):
- French
feeleyharnikgillian 1978 1978. Divine kinship and the meaning of history among the Sakalava of Madagascar. Man n.s. 13:402-417.
- language(s):
- English
ferrandg 1903 1903. Essai de grammaire malgache. Paris: Leroux.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
firingamichaelignace 1971 1971. La dynastie des Maroseranana. Taloha 4:87-97.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Sakalava,
- Western,
- Mahafale (Mahafaly),
- Southern,
Very interesting observations on the origins of the Sakalava people. This article is a reprinted version of a study that first appeared in the "Revue de Madagascar," Sept 1901, pp. 658-672.
fontoynont 1910 1910. La légende des Kimosy. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache 7:51-59.
- language(s):
- French
gardenierwilliamjg 1986 1986. Divination and kinship among the Sakalava of west Madagascar. In Madagascar: Society and history 38, 337-351, edited by Conrad Phillip Kottak, Jean-Aimé Rakotoarisoa, Aidan Southall, and Pierre Vérin. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press.
- language(s):
- English
gerbinisml 1964 1964. La langue malgache: Enseignée suivant la méthode directe, livre 2. Cours publics professés à Tananarive. Antananarivo: Imprimerie Nationale.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
goedefroitsophie 1998 1998. A l'ouest de Madagascar: Les Sakalava du Menabe. Collection "hommes et sociétés". Paris: Editions Karthala.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Dialectology,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Social sciences - other,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Southern Sakalava,
- Sakalava,
- Western,
- Sakalava Menabe,
- Vezo,
- Masikoro,
- South-western,
graeberdavid 1997 1997. Painful memories. Journal of Religion in Africa 27(4):374-400.
- language(s):
- English
gueuniernoeljacques&raharinjanaharysolo 1993 1993. Vocabulaire médical d'après l'enquête de l'Académie malgache de 1912. Atlas linguistique et ethnographique de Madagascar. Travaux préliminaires 3. Strasbourg: Université des Sciences Humaines.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Dialectology,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
gueuniernoeljacques&raharinjanaharysolo 1998 1998. Raki-pandihana: Etudes de linguistique, d'anthropologie et de littérature malgaches offertes au Professeur Siméon Rajaona. Fianarantsoa: Editors.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
gueuniernoeljacques&raharinjanaharysolo&rasoamalalavaoclaire 1992 1992. Une enquête sur les noms des parties du corps. Atlas linguistique et ethnographique de Madagascar. Travaux préliminaires 1. Strasbourg: Université des Sciences Humaines.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Dialectology,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
gueuniernoeljacques 1985 1985. Contes de la côte ouest de Madagascar. Fianarantsoa: Editions Ambozontany.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Ethnography,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Social sciences - other,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Vezo,
- Western,
- Makoa,
- Masikoro,
- South-western,
gueuniernoeljacques 1992a 1992a. La genèse de l'homme blanc. Récits d'origine du sud-ouest de Madagascar. In Le scribe et la grande maison. Etudes Océan Indien 15, 227-244, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Ethnography,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- South-western,
gueuniernoeljacques 1993a 1993a. "Aucune langue n'est indigne de louer Dieu". Poèmes Musulmans malgaches en dialecte Sakalava (deuxième recueil). Transcrits et traduits par NJ Gueunier. In Religions. Etudes Océan Indien 16, 87-103, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Religion,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
Some interesting remarks in the introduction to the poems.
Selected quotes:
- D'ailleurs on se moque de ceux dont la conversion n'est que superficielle en les appelant des "Silamo kofia, " des "Musulmans seulement par le bonnet" (.) (88).
- A Madagascar comme dans bien d'autres contrées, l'islam populaire est mêlée de pratiques magiques diverses: astrologie, divination, commerce des amulettes, etc. Les Musulmans partout qu'une toute petite minorité, se voient attribuer par la superstition populaires des pouvoirs extraordinaires de guérisseurs et de magiciens (88).
- L'emploi du malgache pour des chants religieux a besoin d'une justification. Il se heurte en effet à une vive opposition des musulmans traditionalistes: toute traduction en langue vulgaire est dès l'abord ressentie comme un risque de trahison du message divin, exprimé de manière parfaite et inimitable dans le Coran, révélé "en claire langue arabe. " (89).
- Les Malgaches musulmans zanatany, les "enfants de la terre," ou "enfants du pays" forment aujourd'hui une communauté qui a ses institutions-précisément la confrérie shadhuli, implantée en terre malgache depuis les dernières années du XIXe siècle par le sheikh Ahmad al-Kabir. Quant à la langue, elle n'a rien d'indigne en elle-même (.). On peut et on doit en user pour "mikosifo Ndranahary" "faire la louange de Dieu. " (89).
gueuniernoeljacques 1993b 1993b. L'arche de Noë dans l'Océan Indien, un thème d'origine de l'homme dans les contes malgaches et Comoriens. In Religions. Etudes Océan Indien 16, 145-169, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Comores, Comorien,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Madagascar,
- Ethnography,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
gueuniernoeljacques 1995 1995. La maladie et la guérison chez les Masikoro de la région de Tulear (sud-ouest de madagascar) diagnostiquer et guérir. Thèse de Bertin Ramamonjisoa. In Diagnostiquer et guérir à Madagascar. Etudes Océan Indien 19, 115-119, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Masikoro,
- South-western,
hebertjeanclaude 1958 1958. Couleurs et robes de boufs dans l'Ambongo. Bulletin de Madagascar 36:223-240.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
hebertjeanclaude 1960 1960. Quelques notes sur les Marques d'oreilles de boufs. Naturaliste Malgache 12:167-179.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
hebertjeanclaude 1962 1962. Recherches sur l'histoire et la civilisation malgaches. Bulletin de Madagascar 191:339-352.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Dialectology,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
This is a follow-up article on Bulletin no 172 of 1960, pp 809-820 and presents in maps the results of the survey done. It represents another attempt at clarifying the mystery of the origins of the first inhabitants of Madagascar. Hébert feels that the Bara and the Sakalava are the best representatives of the first Indonesians to land in Madagascar. He surveyed the dialectal forms during seven months out of twelve.
hebertjeanclaude 1992a 1992a. Le droit et le crochu: Les concepts de "droit" et de "justice" en malgache d'après la sémantique diachronique. In Le scribe et la grande maison. Etudes Océan Indien 15, 69-92, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
hebertm 1960 1960. Les calendriers provinciaux malgaches. Bulletin de Madagascar 172:809-820.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
heurtebizegeorges 1981 1981. Les progressions démographique et spatiale chez les Antandroy vues à travers le clan des Afomarolahy. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 13-14:113-121.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Social sciences - other,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Afomarolahy,
- Tandroy (Antandroy, Ntandroy),
- Southern,
George Heurtebize presents here an excerpt from his very detailed study on the Afomarolahy, published later in book form. He explains very clearly the hierarchy among Tandroy lineages, giving examples to illustrate. He points out that the Afomarolahy form part of the Renivave (or Renive) group of Antandroy and constitutes, together with the Afondriambita and the Afomilaha, the three main subgroups of Renivave. In marriage, a man may take a wife from his own lineage or from a different Afomarolahy line, or from a different clan within the Renivave or, more rarely, from a non-Renivave group, but always respecting the rule of belonging to the same generation from the furthest ancestor. The author makes interesting applications from his detailed studies, such as the calculation that based on information collected and present numbers of Afomarolahy, one can project that three centuries before, there were very few of them (a small family) who started off the migratory process from the South (well known in oral traditions), by the mouth of the Manabovo River and later, when the population increased, moved further northwards in search of open land.
It should be feasible to record the full history of the Tandroy and other peoples, working backwards, as this researcher has done with one group.
Selected quotes:
- Le territoire dénommé Androy ne correspond pas à une unité géologique ou géographique; à ces points de vue il présente au contraire des caractères fort diversifiés. La définition de l'Androy est purement humaine: c'est la patrie des Antandroy. Aussi ses limites ne sont-elles pas absolument fixes, mais tendent-elles à s'écarter toujours davantage en suivant l'expansion de la population antandroy. Actuellement ces limites s'établissent sensiblement à l'ouest le long de la rivière Menarandra, à l'est au pied des chaînes anosyennes à partir de l'embouchure du fleuve Mandrare, au nord suivant une ligne sinueuse passant à Bekily et au sud de Beraketa; non que, au nord de cette ligne, il n'y ait plus d'Antandroy, mais ils n'y sont plus seuls. Pour un habitant des environs d'Antanimora, au centre de la région envisagée, la limite nord de l'Androy se situe une vingtaine de kilomètres au sud de Beraketa. Pourtant, s'il doit faire un voyage vers le sud, vers Tsihombe ou Beloha, il dira: "Nous partons dans l'Androy"; ce qui sous-entend qu'en fait, il ne considère pas la région qu'il occupe comme faisant partie de l'Androy véritable.
C'est qu'en effet toute la région centrale de l'Androy actuel est d'occupation récente. On peut même dire qu'elle reste encore maintenant en voie de colonisation ou d'appropriation, car d'année en année on y voit apparaître de nouveaux villages. L'histoire des déplacements récents peut être étudiée et précisée à partir d'un groupe bien défini (.)(113). - Les Afomarolahy font partie du groupe des Renivave, ou Renive, le plus important sans doute des divers groupes antandroy, au moins par son extension géographique. Les Renivave occupent en effet une région allongée en Sud-Nord sur 70km environ, commençant 20 à 30 km au nord de Tsihombe et allant au nord presque jusqu'à la limite de l'Androy. Les Renivave se divisent en plusieurs sous-groupes dont les trois plus importantes sont les Afomarrolahy, les Afondriambita et les Afomihala. Les Afomarolahy sont les plus nombreux. L'effectif des Afondriambita est plus réduit, celui des Afomihala davantage encore (115).
- Les Afomarolahy occupent la partie sud du territoire des Renivave. Leurs derniers villages ne dépassent guère au nord la latitude d'AndalaTanôsy. Ils s'étendent donc sur une bande de terrain longue d'une cinquantaine de kilomètres, et dont la largeur est d'une vingtaine de kilomètres entre la rivière Manambovo à l'ouest et la grande route de Fort-Dauphin à l'est.
Le premier arbre généalogique (.) concerne le village d'Analamahery, situé 20km au nord-ouest d'Antanimora. Il s'étend sur huit générations. Il comporte, en plus des noms des maillons de la chaîne familiale, les noms des conjoints ou des conjointes avec le clan et le village d'origine, et l'emplacement des tombeaux. Cet arbre génalogique recouvre la totalité d'un groupe qui se dénomme les Maromainty. La filiation se faisant en ligne patrilinéaire, à chaque génération les femmes nées d'un père maromainty sont elles-mêmes maromainty, mais leurs enfants, si elles se marient en dehors du groupe, ne le sont pas eux-mêmes: ils n'apparaissent donc pas dans l'arbre généalogique des Maromainty, mais dans les arbres généalogiques des groupes voisins (.).
La première génération (de Maromainty) est représentée par un homme unique, Tsimiantoa, qui a dû naître vers 1800; la deuxième génération par ses trois fils, (.) (115). - (.) Actuellement les Maromainty, hommes et femmes, sont environ 300, vivant tous dans le village d'Analamahery, à l'exception, bien entendu, des femmes mariées dans d'autres villages et de ceux qui sont partis chercher du travail dans de lointaines régions de Madagascar (émigration en général temporaire, mais dans certains cas cependant quasi définitive) (116).
- (.) Tsimiantoa avait trois frères qui ont fait souche de la façon que lui. Leur descendants peuplent plusieurs agglomérations qui forment le long village d'Antanandava, 4km à l'ouest d'Analamahery. De même que Tsimiantoa est l'ancêtre unique des Maromainty, Tsimagnola est l'ancêtre unique des Marofoty, Taindraza l'ancêtre unique des Marotsontsa, et Voriay l'ancêtre unique des Tebagnake. Le père des quatre frères est donc, lui, l'ancêtre unique des quatre branches, que recouvre le nom général de Tandranatelo. Tous les Tandranatelo, au nombre de 1000 environ, sont donc des cousins plus ou moins éloignés. C'est bien ainsi qu'ils se ressentent, comme des parents proches (.). Les Tandranatelo possèdent pour eux tous un seul poteau sacré hazomanga.
(.) Mais revenons maintenant aux Afomarolahy. Les Tandranatelo sont en effet un de la quinzaine de lignages qui constitue le clan des Afomarolahy. Certains de ces lignages sont plus importants que celui des Tandranatelo, d'autres moins (.). Un des lignages les plus fournis est celui des Marokobo (.) (qui) peuplent quatre gros villages dispersés du sud au nord de l'aire couverte par les Afomarolahy. De même que les Tandranatelo sont divisés en quatre sous-lignages, les Marokobo, et aussi les autres lignages des Afomarolahy, sont également subdivisés. Mais quel que soit le nombre de ses membres et la dispersion actuelle de ses implantations, chaque lignage ne possède qu'un seul poteau sacré hazomanga (sauf accident temporaire provenant par exemple de querelle à l'intérieur d'un lignage) devant lequel tout le monde se retrouve pour le Savatse,la cérémonie préparatoire à la circoncision (117). - Tous les Afomarolahy ont conscience d'être apparentés, alors que l'appartenance au groupe plus vaste des Renivave avec les Afondriambita et les Afomihala ne paraît pas susciter à l'égard de ces derniers un sentiment de réelle parenté. Tous, disent-ils, ont un ancêtre commun. Le nom d'Andriamarolahy est souvent prononcé, mais le souvenir des filiations entre Andriamarolahy et les ancêtres situés à la racine de chaque lignage s'est perdu. Sauf peut-être chez un vieil homme (né vers 1890), habitant près de Jafaro et nommé Fanambinae, ou plus couramment Imbina. Il est dépositaire d'une tradition orale qui donne ce qui serait le fond généalogique commun à tous les Afomarolahy. Andriamarolahy serait un Bara Zafemaroza venu avec cinq fils de la région de Vangaindrano. Tous ont été accueillis par le roi antandroy des Temagnorikandro, qui habitait la région de Faralambo, à l'embouchure de la Manambovo. Les cinq fils se sont mariés là, et sont à l'origine des Afomarolahy (.) (117).
- (.) Il faut cependant noter que deux lignages, même s'ils se considèrent comme entièrement Afomarolahy, se sont adjoints aux descendents d'Andriamarolahy sans en descendre eux-mêmes. Il s'agit des Tandranatelo et des Tantsaha. L'ancêtre des Tandranatelo est en réalité un Bara qui, avec son cousin, l'ancêtre des Tantsaha, est venu prendre femme parmi les Afomarolahy. Les descendants de ces deux hommes se sont intégrés complètement au clan. Mais pour les calculs de progression démographique, il faut donc soustraire ces deux lignages de la descendance réelle d'Andria marolahy-encore qu'ils en descendent cependant, mais par les femmes (118).
- (.) dès (l'époque de Tsimiantoa) existait la complète liberté de choix qui préside encore maintenant à la conclusion des mariages. C'est-à-dire qu'un homme peut prendre comme épouse dans son propre lignage une parenté très proche (cousine germaine) ou une cousine plus éloignée; ou bien une parenté plus lointaine dans un autre lignage des Afomarolahy; ou bien une fille d'un autre clan que les Afomarolahy à l'intérieur des Renivave; ou bien enfin, plus rarement, une "étrangère" appartenant à un autre groupe, non Renivave. La seule règle, qui est et a toujours été respectée, est que les conjointes doivent appartenir à la même génération à partir de l'ancêtre commun, si éloigné soit-il. C'est d'ailleurs un excellent moyen de contrôler les uns par les autres les arbres généalogiques des différents lignages, en vérifiant que les multiples mariages qui y apparaissent de l'un et de l'autre n'enfreignent pa cette règle (119).
- (.)Le village d'Analamahery a été créé vers 1920, en terrain libre, ce qui ne veut pas dire que personne auaravant n'avait occupé ces parages. Sans remonter au peuplement très ancien qui n'apparaît dans aucune tradition orale, mais dont on trouve de nombreuses traces archéologiques, une vague antandroy au moins avait précédé dans cette région les actuels occupants. Il s'agissait de forgerons qui ont laissé de nombreux témoins de leur travail et que la tradition dit avoir été des Tebekitro, qui sont ensuite partis vers l'ouest, ou ils ont fondé le village de Bekitro.
Les parents et grands-parents des vieillards actuels avaient connu plusieurs étapes avant d'arriver à Analamahery, la plus importante de beaucoup étant celle d'Andragnanivo, 30 km au sud d'Antanimora. Tous les lignages afomarolahy, qui à cette époque ne s'étaient pas encore dispersés, ont fait en commun une longue station à Andragnanivo, et ce lieu est considéré par tous comme la "terre des ancêtres" par excellence (.) (119). - (.) Les noms des diverses étapes sont restés dans la mémoire de beaucoup (.) Successivement: Antsera, puis Kobaignabo, (.) puis Lahabe, 8 km au sud-est d'Andragnanivo, où beaucoup d'ancêtres ont leur tombeaux, enfin Andragnanivo (.). Tous les Afomarolahy sont restés groupés jusqu'à Andragnanivo. La dispersion des divers lignages à partir d'Andragnanivo a commencé un peu avant 1900, pour cause de pression démographique (.). Les hameaux créés il y a 40 à 60 ans sont devenus autant de villages, et l'on comprend pourquoi chacun de ces villages, encore maintenant, constitue une seule grande famille dont tous les individus trouvent place sur un arbre généalogique unique (120).
- En résumé, les Afomarolahy, initialement petite famille habitant près de la mer à l'embouchure de la Manambavo, ont progressivement remonté vers le nord, en restant groupés, jusqu'à Andragnanivo. C'est de là qu'après une longue station s'est faite vers 1900, sous la poussée démographique qui imposait à chaque groupe d'aller plus loin chercher de nouvelles terres, la dispersion des lignages sur le vaste territoire (.).
(.) les voisins des Afomarolahy ont connu des cheminements comparables, c'-est-à-dire qu'ils sont partis de l'embouchure de la Manambovo pour remonter vers le nord. C'est en particulier le cas des Afondriambita (dont l'ancêtre est venu de l'Anosy) et des Afomihala, Renivave comme les Afomarolahy, et qui ont habité Andragnanivo avec ces derniers. C'est aussi le cas des Milahe, les voisins actuels des Afomarolahy de l'autre côté de la Manambovo, qui ont été longtemps des ennemis contre qui se livraient des batailles meurtrières (120).
houlderja 1881 1881. Madagascar and its proverbs. The Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine 2:58-75.
- language(s):
- English
houlderja 1894 1894. Ohabolana, or wit and wisdom of the Hova of Madagascar. The Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine 18:188-204.
- language(s):
- English
houlderja 1960 1960. Ohabolana ou proverbes malgaches. Antananarivo: Imprimerie Luthérienne.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
An excellent collection of proverbs, with a very interesting introduction by this missionary of the LMS who holds the traditional prejudice that the Merina "are intellectually superior to the other peoples of Madagascar" (III).
houtmanfrederickde 1603 1603. Spraeckende woord-boeck inde Maleysche ende Madagascarsche talen met vele Arabische ende Turcsche woorden. Amsterdam: Jan Evertsz.
- language(s):
- Dutch
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Applied linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
huntingtonwilliamrichard 1986a 1986a. Bara pastoral kingdoms (19th century). Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 23-24:179-185.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
In this short paper, Huntington mainly revises what is known about Bara history from eyewitness accounts, dating from the 1870's. He also addresses Kent's work in this respect, asserting that Kent tends to force the African origins of the Bara people, especially that these cannot be proved and because of inconsistencies in his theories. As, "all published oral traditions from the Bara stress a south-eastern origin for the Bara, followed by a westward expansion" (179) it seems that Raymond Kent ignores these sources and prefers western and African origins for the Bara people. In Huntington's words, he "looks at nineteenth century Bara events through fifteenth century spectacles."
After explaining the different Bara migrations according to his sources, Huntington concludes that "nobody, not even the Zafimanely themselves, can be said to have been Bara in the eighteenth century, since the term "Bara" did not come into use until the early nineteenth century" (quoting Kent, 1968:183) and has come to refer to all peoples who came under Zafimanely rule during that time.
Huntington's use of the term Baralahy, to exclusively designate the Bara in the Iantsatsa region, is not convincing, as we have found it to be used all over Ibara by Bara of different origins to refer to themselves and their language, male and female, adult and child alike.
Selected quotes:
- Today all of the peoples in the Iantsantsa region refer to themselves as Bara-lahy, male Bara are in some sense superior to the Bara-be whose name is said to mean not "great Bara," but to be derived from "be tambatra" meaning "many came together." (183). Unconvincing.
jaovelodzaorobert 1990 1990. La conception de la mort chez les Sakalava du nord-ouest de Madagascar. Recherches et Documents 8:1-32.
- language(s):
- French
jenseniuso 1910 1910. Dictionnaire Bara-Hova. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache 7:163-194.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
joleaudl 1924 1924. Le bouf de Madagascar. Son origine. Son rôle dans les coutumes Sakalaves. L'anthropologie 34(1-2):103-107.
- language(s):
- French
jullyantony 1901 1901. Manuel des dialectes malgaches. Comprenant sept dialectes: Hova, Betsileo, Tankarana, Betsimisaraka, Taimorona, Tanôsy, Sakalava (mahafaly) et le Soahély. Paris: Librairie Africaine et Coloniale.
- language(s):
- French
jullyantony 1974 1974. Les immigrations Arabes à Madagascar. Taloha 6:143-149.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Sakalava,
- Western,
- Antalaotra,
- North-western,
- Tsimihety,
- Northern,
Interesting information on the Antalaotra, a group of immigrants of Arabic origin to Madagascar, who settled on the West Coast. "Antalaotra" means "people from over-seas." According to popular history recorded by the author, the town of Boina was founded by the Antalaotra, Arabs who came from an island near the Comores. Their settlement was destroyed by the Sakalava in the first half of the eighteenth century.
kaboreraphael 1988 1988. Le morphème 'ho' du malgache. In Linguistique de Madagascar et des Comores. Etudes Océan Indien 9, 197-213, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
keenanedwardlouis&ochselinor 1979 1979. Becoming a competent speaker of Malagasy. In Languages and their speakers, 112-157, edited by Timothy Shopen. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Winthrop.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Applied linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
Excellent overview of the Malagasy language and comparison with Western European conventions.
keenanelinorochs 1973 1973. A sliding sense of obligatoriness: The poly-structure of Malagasy oratory. Language in Society 2:225-243.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Ethnography,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Vakinankaratra,
- Central,
- Merina,
keenanelinorochs 1976 1976. The universality of conversational postulates. Language in Society 5:67-80.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Vakinankaratra,
- Central,
- Merina,
Keenan deals in this paper with cross-cultural issues of communication, with a Malagasy speech community as ethnographic case study. The handling of information by the Malagasy of the Vakinankaritra shows that information is an important commodity to them and underlines the need to be aware of potential misunderstandings due to differences in conversation ethics.
keenanelinorochs 1989 1989. Norm-makers, norm-breakers: Uses of speech by men and women in a Malagasy community. In Explorations in the ethnography of speaking, 125-143, edited by Richard Bauman, and Joel Sherzer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Social sciences - other,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Vakinankaratra,
- Central,
- Merina,
An excellent article on Malagasy speech culture, written from experiences in the village of Namoizamanga in the Vakinankaratra. A learning experience for a vazaha (foreigner) to read this article-du savoir-vivre.
koechlinbernard 1972 1972. Atlas ethnolinguistique de Madagascar. Asie du Sud-Est et Monde Insulindien 3(1):71-83.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
kottakconradphillip&rakotoarisoajeanaime&southallaidan&verinpierre 1986 1986. Madagascar: Society and history 38. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Social sciences - other,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
See under individual authors.
kottakconradphillip 1986 1986. Kinship modeling: Adaptation, fosterage, and fictive kinship among the Betsileo. In Madagascar: Society and history 38, 277-298, edited by Conrad Phillip Kottak, Jean-Aimé Rakotoarisoa, Aidan Southall, and Pierre Vérin. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press.
- language(s):
- English
kurokawahiroshi 1972 1972. A report of field linguistic research in Madagascar. Bulletin of Reitaku 13.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Research,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
lambekmichael&walshandrew 1997 1997. The imagined community of the Antankaraña: Identity, history, and ritual in northern Madagascar. Journal of Religion in Africa 27(3):308-333.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Sakalava,
- Western,
- Tsimihety,
- Northern,
- Tankarana (Antankarana, Tekarana, Antekarana),
Excellent for insight into Antankarana group identity.
lambekmichael 2001 2001. Reflections on the "ethno-" in Malagasy ethnohistory. Ethnohistory 48(1-2):301-308.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
In this short paper, Michael Lambek summarizes the contributions of the different participants to the 48th volume of Ethnohistory dedicated to Madagascar. He also does not clear up the fuzziness surrounding ethnicity in Madagascar, but calls for boldness among Malgachisants to make comparisons with African and insular Southeast Asian situations, to apply common paradigms, analyse and make statements, ready to be taken on for those by others. Lambek makes a convincing point for ambiguity being central to social life. He says that "the ambiguity inherent in social life and the unrationalized and multiple forms of personal and collective identity throw into question what is meant by ethnos and ethnicity" (304) and challenges the assumption "that at some level identity is not simply articulated contextually, but categorically" (304).
Selected quotes:
- One answer may be that ethnic groups and boundaries are clarified by distinct languages, or at least that mutually unintelligible languages can readily serve as the signs to realize ethnicity. In this respect, Madagascar is different from the states of continental Africa. Even tiny Mayotte has mutually distinct languages, though not distinct ethnic groups, I have argued (Lambek 1995) (304).
larsonpierm 1996 1996. Desperately seeking 'the Merina' (central Madagascar): Reading ethnonyms and their semantic fields in African identity histories. Journal of Southern African Studies 22(4):541-560.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
In this paper the building blocks of ethnic identity are discussed against a background of ethnological theory. The clear argument of the author lends itself to application to many ethnic identity-related situations.
Selected quotes:
- Ethnic identities rarely come full-blown, they are made, often from the building blocks of named, pre-existing identities. The nature of named identities shifts over time (.).Shallowly read, then, identity names are empty vessels designating bounded and classified sets of people in local cultural taxonomies yet offering few immediate clues to the nature of the collective consciousness they contain. The signifier is of less social and historical significance than the signified (.).
'Ethnonyms', therefore, are not always ethnonyms. They may designate full-blown identities, nascent ones or even point to identities of an altogether different nature (.) (558). - The fact that the meaning of identity signifiers constantly shifts raises the simple but all too often ignored question of what ethnic identity actually is and when a shifting identity crosses the border into a consciousness that we can confidently label as ethnic. Historians are unlikely to come to agreement on this issue, not least because borders of identity are never neatly drawn and ethnicity is an elusive abstraction to define with precision or in a universally applicable manner (.). What, for example, really differentiates Merina political consciousness from Merina ethnic consciousness?(559).
- Consciousness itself derives from the cognitive capacity of humans to reflect on themselves, their behaviour, and their relationship to other humans and their environment. Collective consciousness therefore becomes a sort of corporate self-concept as the group's reflection is moulded and articulated from within and without, ever in an interested fashion.The content and character of consciousness within what Bill Bravman calls 'communities of belonging' (1994) are neither unproblematically ascertained nor neatly differentiated along political, ethnic, religious, social, clan or national lines. Ethnic belonging (ethnicity), however, normally entails a purposeful, interested collective consciousness of common descent and kinship, a claim to 'natural' belonging on the basis of certain linguistic, cultural or physical characteristics, or even on a set of attitudes and behaviours. A political consciousness (i.e. that which designates the sense of belonging to a polity) may express itself through a similar set of articulating institutions-such as through collective ritual, versions of corporate history, visual and verbal imagery, or clothing-and is similarly imagined and moralized, but its referent identity should not be analytically equated with ethnicity. Political identities channel loyalty toward administrative communities; ethnic identities toward communities of imagined kinship that assume a certain independence from formal structures of power and politics. When political identities successfully draw diverse peoples into a synthesized cultural/symbolic system they tend to generate an emergent ethnic or national consciousness(559).
- While communities of belonging are relevant to the everyday lives of their members, whether scholars characterize that 'belonging' as ethnic or political might seem of little import. Yet the attempt to discern differences and shifts in the nature of belonging change as the type of belonging itself shifts, hence influencing the social relationships people entertain, expect or can mobilize (559).
- Investigating the semantic fields of 'names of belonging' is the single most effective tool for determining such qualitative identity shifts (560).
- Finally, the Merina case demonstrates that ethnic identity can be created and transformed outside of a colonial context. Ethnogenesis is not simply a function of colonial rule (560).
mackjohn 1986 1986. Madagascar: Island of the ancestors. London: British Museum Publications Limited.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
Easy reading; interesting ethnographic information. Divided into two parts:
1. The ancestors of the Malagasy (history).
2. The living and the dead (anthropology).
mahajobom&rajaonarimanananarivelo 1988 1988. Régis Rajemisa-Raolison, rakibolana Malagasy. Dictionnaire malgache-malgache, Fianarantsoa, Ambozontany, 1985. In Linguistique de Madagascar et des Comores. Etudes Océan Indien 9, 236-248, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Applied linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
mahajobom 1992a 1992a. Jean Paulhan: Hain-teny Merina. Poésies populaires malgaches, recueillies et traduites par J. Paulhan. Antananarivo: Foi et justice, 1992, 239p. In Le scribe et la grande maison. Etudes Océan Indien 15, 287, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
mahajobom 1992b 1992b. Leonard Fox: Hainteny. The traditional poetry of Madagascar (.) Lezisburg: Bucknell university press, 1990, 464p. In Le scribe et la grande maison. Etudes Océan Indien 15, 285-286, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Ethnography,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
mahajobom 1992d 1992d. Une traduction ocuménique du nouveau testament en malgache. In Le scribe et la grande maison. Etudes Océan Indien 15, 269-282, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Missiology,
- Religion,
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Applied linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
This review of the DIEM translation of the New Testament in Madagascar provides many insights into the result of the translation, illustrated with examples from previous Malagasy translations of the Bible, as well as from the French, always comparing the example with the original Greek text. The author discusses the opposing traits of translations done according to a principle of "équivalence formelle" which gives a kind of "mot à mot," concording, translation, and the principle of "équivalence dynamique," where the translation of the original text is done by using inherent characteristics of the target language to clarify the message.
malzacvictorin 1908 1908. Grammaire malgache. Antananarivo: Imprimerie Catholique.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
malzacvictorin 1926 1893 1926 (1893). Dictionnaire Français-Malgache. Paris: Societé d'Editions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales.
- language(s):
- French, Malagasy
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Applied linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
malzacvictorin 1950 1950. Grammaire malgache. Paris: Societé d'Editions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
manasterrameralexis 1992 1992. Malagasy and the topic/subject issue. Oceanic Linguistics 31(2):267-279.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Austronesian linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
This study presents Malagasy as a type of language between English and Tagalog on the issue of topic/subject and the author proposes a modification(s) to the typology developed by Schachter, namely that "(a) languages can either have topics or not (.), (b) in English there is no topic, (c) in Malagasy the subject is also the topic, (d) the Malagasy subject cannot be identified with the actor (.), (e) hence, in Tagalog the nominal that possesses role prominence (.) must be analyzed as subject (.). Thus, English has subjects and no topics, Malagasy has subjects that are also topics, and Tagalog distinguishes topics and subjects (that are also actors).
manjakaherybarthelemy 1986 1986. Les vallées de l'ltomampy dans l'histoire des hautes terres méridionales. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 23-24:169-178.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
Manjakahery discusses here the history of the Itomampy valleys, known as the Eastern limit of Ibara. He clarifies the historical role of the Ivondro, where life is centred around the Itomampy river, the land of the Bara Antevondro. The term Tevondro or Antevondro is a geographical indication, meaning the Bara people who settled in the Tevondro region and includes the Manambia, Zafimarosoa, Zafimarozaha and many others. Concerning language, the author refutes the notion that the Antevondro are separate from the other Bara people because their dialect is close to that of the Antesaka and so differs from Bara "mikaty". He believes that these linguistic differences cannot be seen as ethnic markers, because, according to him "un Bara est avant tout Zafindrendriko, Zafimarosoa, Zafimagnely ou Zafimarozoha avant d'être Bara Antevondro, Bara-Be, Bara Vinda ou Bara Imamono" (171). This idea confirms what we have found during field research, namely that language variety and ethnic identity are sometimes at variance with each other. It is clear from history that the names Bara Vinda, Bara Imamono, etc are secondary to Bara identity.
Manjakahery then describes what is known concerning the role of the Itomampy area in the ancient migrations from the fifteenth century onwards, nothing being known on the issue before that time. He is certain that the ancestors of the Zafimagnely passed through the Ivondro region, staying there for an extended period of time before they took on their final migration towards the prairies of the West. There is also evidence for the establishment of the Bara Manambia in the area, originally from the mouth of the Menarandra. One branch of Manambia in the Ivondro at one stage was the Zafipanolaha. The Zafindravola were also established in the Itomampy before emigrating westwards There is oral evidence about the Zafimarozaha who came from Matsakafasy in Karianga, east of Ivohibe, the Zafipanolaha at Bekifafa, and the Zafimarosoa at Tanandava. The Zafimarozaha, before coming to the Itomampy, lived on the banks of the Mananara at Besavoa.
During the 19th century the Manambia, Zafimarosoa, Zafimarozaha are mostly found in the vast western prairies, beyond the Ivakoany for reasons of better pastures and perhaps also because of Merina penetration of the Ivondro, from the north.
Selected quotes:
- Pour en revenir aux Antevondro, il est encore un fait qui ne manque pas de nous laisser perplexe c'est que d'aucuns associent le terme d'Antevondro ou Tevondro à une notion ethnique, voire tribale. A vrai dire, celle-ci est une simple notion géographique sans plus, pour désigner ceux des Bara qui sont restés dans l'Ivondro, voire ceux qui continuent d'entretenir des relations avec les parents qui sont restés là-bas. C'est à ce titre par exemple qu'on appelle Antevondro les Manabia, les Zafimarosoa, les Zafimarozaha et beaucoup d'aautres encore. D'autre part, dans la même perspective, au niveaux du parler, on a cherché à distinguer l'Antevondro (comme étant une entité ethnique) des autres Bara par le fait que, parlant un dialecte proche de l'Antesaka, il est donc foncièrement différent du Bara "mikaty," c'est-à-dire avec un parler dans lequel le phénomène "TS" (interdentale spirante sourde) donne dans bien des cas "T" (occlusive dentale sourde). Exemple: ATSIMO (Bara antevondro) donne ATIMO (Bara mikaty). Toutefois, l'argumentation linguistique n'est qu'un leurre et ne fait que masquer une réalité qui est toute autre, car le parler n'est pas un élément distinctif de l'ethnie. De ce fait, on peut aisément passer de l'un à l'autre dialecte ("mikaty" et "non mikaty") car un Bara est avant tout Zafindrendriko, Zafimarosoa, Zafimagnely ou Zafimarozaha avant d'être Bara Antevondro, Bara-Be, Bara Vinda ou Bara Imamono (171).
mbimapierreernest 1986 1986. Contact du français et du parler malgache-antekarana: Problèmes linguistiques. Master's thesis. CUT.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Tankarana (Antankarana, Tekarana, Antekarana),
- Northern,
michelandrianarahinjakalucienx 1986 1986. Le système littéraire Betsileo. Fianarantsoa: Editions Ambozontany.
- language(s):
- French
moletlouis 1954 1954. Les statuettes Bara de Iakora. Naturaliste Malgache 6:109-120.
- language(s):
- French
moletlouis 1972 1972. Origine et sens du nom des Sakalava de Madagascar. In Etudes de géographie tropicale offertes à Pierre Gourou, 341-355, edited by Marc Michel. Paris-La Haye: Mouton & Co.
- language(s):
- French
muntheludvig 1969 1969. La bible à Madagascar. Les deux premières traductions du nouveau testament malgache. Oslo: Egede Instituttet.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Missiology,
- Religion,
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Applied linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
muntheludvig 1978 1978. Le manuscrit Arabico-malgache HB-4 à Paris. Acta Orientalia 39:127-179.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Temoro (Antemoro, Antaimoro),
- Eastern,
muntheludvig 1982 1982. La tradition Arabico-malgache. Vue à travers le manuscrit A-6 d'Oslo et d'autres manuscrits disponibles. Antananarivo: Trano Printy Loterana.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Temoro (Antemoro, Antaimoro),
- Eastern,
muntheludvig 1985 1985. La tradition Arabico-malgache et l'influence Indonesienne. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 21-22:57-59.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Social sciences - other,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Temoro (Antemoro, Antaimoro),
- Eastern,
Selected quotes:
- (.) je pense qu'il est important pour trouver l'identité malgache, de tourner maintenant le regard en direction de l'Est (59)
- Le Sorabe étant une écriture phonétique, il permet de connaître la language malgache parlée autrefois. Si nous nous rappelons que le manuscrit sorabe le plus ancien connu a été enregistré en Europe au début du XVIIIè siècle, et qu'il peut être considérée comme une "bande magnétique" de la langue parlée à Madagascar au XVIIè siècle sinon au XVIè siècle, nous en comprenons l'importance (58).
- Mes récentes études en Indonésie m'ont persuadé qu'on devrait s'y rendre pour trouver des réponses à certaines questions sur l'ancienne religion malgache (59).
- A propos de l'Indonésie, on peut aussi poser la question de savoir si l'ancien nom donné à l'écriture arabico-malgache: sorabe, ne correspond pas à une soratra kely, plus ancienne, apportée d'Indonésie à Madagascar (59).
navonegabriele 1977 1977. "Ny atao no miverina" ou ethnologie et proverbes malgaches. Fianarantsoa: Editions Ambozontany.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
noiretfrancois 1993 1993. Le mythe d'Iboina. Angano Malagasy. Fianarantsoa: Editions Ambozontany.
- language(s):
- French
ottinopaul 1982 1982. Myth and history: The Malagasy "Andriambahoaka" and the Indonesian legacy. History in Africa 9:221-250.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Andriambahoaka,
- Eastern,
A complicated, "meta-philosophical" treatment of the "Andriambahoaka cycle" to which the "historical" legends of Imerina seem to belong, itself "scattered fragments" of the Malay myth of origin.
ottinopaul 1986 1986. L'étrangère intime. Essai d'anthropologie de la civilisation de' l'ancien Madagascar 1-2. Paris: Editions des archives contemporaines.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
ottinopaul 1992 1992. Les discours oratoires kabary et les "joutes de paroles" hain-teny. In Le scribe et la grande maison. Etudes Océan Indien 15, 93-104, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Ethnography,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
paesc&paesmc&rabedimyjeanfrancois&rajaonarimanananarivelo&velonandro 1991 1991. L'origine des choses. Récits de la côte ouest de Madagascar. Antananarivo: Centre Foi et Justice.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Ethnography,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Western,
paolybe 1969a 1969a. Ny foko Bara. Lakroan'i Madagasikara 29 June-13 July.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
peressuttiu 1969 1969. Petit Dictionnaire Bara (Madagascar). Torino: Copisteria Magenta.
- language(s):
- Bara Malagasy, French
philippsongerard 1988 1988. L'accentuation du Comorien. Essai d'analyse métrique. In Linguistique de Madagascar et des Comores. Etudes Océan Indien 9, 35-79, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
poiriercharles 1939 1939. Notes d'ethnographie et d'histoire malgaches. Mémoires de l'Académie malgache 28. Antananarivo: Imprimerie Officielle de la Colonie.
- language(s):
- French
poiriercharles 1950a 1950a. Ethnographie malgache. 2 Vol: 1. Sorcellerie médicale-magie-art, 2. aperçu sur la représentation de la femme et du bouf. Mémoires de l'Académie malgache 38. Antananarivo: Imprimerie Officielle de la Colonie.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Vezo,
- Western,
- Sakalava,
- Tandroy (Antandroy, Ntandroy),
- Southern,
- Mahafale (Mahafaly),
- Bara,
Mixed with valuable information, almost unbearable colonialist propaganda, and opinionatedness which make this hard to read.
poiriercharles 1950b 1950b. Généalogie des rois Maroseranana du sud de l'Onilahy. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache n.s. 28:28-39.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Mahafale (Mahafaly),
- Southern,
- Western,
poiriercharles 1950c 1950c. Le damier ethnique du pays côtier Sakalava. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache n.s. 28:23-28.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
The name "Sakalava" has been and still is used to classify many different clans and identities, as well as ways of speaking and customs practised across Western Madagascar. This paper provides some insight into who all are thrown into the Sakalava basket-forty-nine different principal clans are inventoried here, representing North and North-West Sakalava.
Selected quotes:
- Tableau des quarante-neuf principaux clans aborigènes ou allogènes englobés sous la dénomination de Sakalava, tels qu'ils ponctuaient en 1916, la région côtière du nord de Madagascar, plus particulièrement celle de l'ancienne province d'Analalava (.).
- A l'homogénéité de la population sakalava pure qui peuple la côte centre-ouest, du Fiherenana à la Betsiboka, s'oppose la composition clanique hétérogène des habitants de la côte Nord-Ouest (.).
poirierjean&dezjacques 1963 1963. Les groupes ethniques de Madagascar.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
This provisional report on a survey of ethnic groups in Madagascar mentions forty-eight groups having been found according to the subjective criterion of an informants' own idea of belonging. Even though the information provided represents only the first step in a study that for some reason was never followed up nor completed, it makes a very clear statement against the idea of the eighteen "tribes" of Madagascar. This study does not advance the idea of 48 "tribes," but was aiming to complete the initial results with field research, to verify whether these groupings represent fractions of larger, well-known groups or whether they can be seen as a truer representation of ethnic identity. The authors present an introduction to define and set out the perimeters of the initial research and then provide an inventory of the groups identified, with a short description of each, an estimation of their number, and their location concluding each description with a short bibliography. In three Annexes, the reader finds examples of groups that are mentioned in literature, but that have since disappeared, group names that do not indicate ethnic groupings, and thirdly, a listing of the elements that characterise Malagasy ethnic groups.
poirierjean 1964 1964. La relation de l'homme au sol à Madagascar. Annales de l'Université de Madagascar, Série Lettres et Sciences Humaines 2:57-71.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
poirierjean 1974 1974. Les groupes ethniques de Madagascar. Revue Française d'Etudes Politiques Africaines 100:31-40.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
Professor Poirier speaks with insight of the Malagasy people among whom he spent many years. Though dating back substantially, he raises some issues in this paper that have still not been settled concerning ethnicity and ethnic groupings in Madagascar. The article paints in large strokes, some typifying characteristics of the different large group divisions of Malagasy people. A useful calculation of the population numbers Poirier quotes can be made by extrapolating his figures to the 1993 census, which found that the Malagasy population had doubled over the twenty-five years prior to that.
Selected quotes:
- 'Il n'y a que des Malgaches'; c'est ce qu'on entend dire souvent à Madagascar aujourd'hui. Voux pieux, ou expression d'une unité nationale pleinement assumée'.
En effet, il est nécessaire de marquer que les problèmes de "tribalisme" qui déchirent encore trop de pays africains n'existent pas, à ce niveau, à Madagascar: la Grande Ile est la seule des quelques quarante nations qui ont accédé à l'indépendance au cours des deux dernières décennies qui puissent se prévaloir d'une triple unité: géographique, linguistique et culturelle. C'est par rapport à cette unité que doivent être appréciées les disparités que tout le monde connaît, mais dont on évite de parler. Il serait vain, cependant, de sous-estimer l'importance des originalités locales: les ethnies (qu'on appelait autrefois très improprement "races"-du temps de l'ère coloniale-puis "tribus") sont nombreuses, beaucoup plus nombreuses que l'énumération officielle ne le laisserait croire: on compte vingt groupes qui servent de cadres aux comptages démographiques (voir infra l'inventaire). Mais en réalité, la population est différenciée en une cinquantaine d'ethnies, qui-on soulignerait le fait-présentent entre elles moins de divergences culturelles que les ethnies françaises du XIXe siècle (les Antandroy sont plus proches des Tsimihety et des sakalava que les Gascons ne l'étaient-ou ne le sont-des Bretons et des Alsaciens).
L''analyse culturelle de ces groupes est loin d'être achevée; il faut espérer qu'elle pourra l'être avant l'effacement des caractères originaux qui font la richesse et la complexité de la civilisation malgache traditionnelle. Sur le plan ethnologique, on pourrait montrer facilement que les groupes ethniques constituent parfois-mais non toujours-une réalité subjective plus qu'une réalité objective : ils sont en effet diversifiés en sous-groupes, en familles culturelles façonnées par l'histoire de telle sorte qu'il arrive par exemple que deux sous-groupes d'une ethnie donnée soient plus proches entre eux que chacun d'eux ne l'est de son propre groupe. D'autre part, si l'on essaie de faire une typologie, on constate que les groupes se répartissent de manière différente selon que l'on considère la langue, l'habitation, les systèmes de parenté, les rituels funéraires . Il existe donc une osmose profonde faite de multiples imbrications et recouvrements, qui, là encore, traduit une situation très différente de celle de l'Afrique (31-2).
profitapietro 1978 1978. La société malgache et ses valeurs ancestrales. Essai Ethno-Pastoral. Ambatondrazaka: Académie Malgache.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
profitappietro 2000 2000. Malgaches et malgachitude. Fianarantsoa: Editions Ambozontany.
- language(s):
- French
rabaovololonalucieraharinirina 1997 1997. Problèmes posés par les expressions ou idiomes dans la construction d'un dictionnaire d'usage bilingue. Cas de Vitasoa, dictionnaire français-malgache confectionné par le DIFP, université d'Antananarivo. Meta 42(2):346-355.
- language(s):
- French
rabbeliere 1930 1930. Folklore Bara Imamono. Capricorne 1-3:39-44, 71-75, 125-134.
- language(s):
- English
rabemananjararw 1990 1990. Le culte des ancêtres à Madagascar. Madagascar Ocean Indien 1:79-99.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rabenilainarogerbruno&etal 1988 1988. Ny fitsipiky ny teny 10. Antananarivo: FOFIPA.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rabenilainarogerbruno&etal 1989 1989. Ny fitsipiky ny teny 11. Antananarivo: FOFIPA.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rabenilainarogerbruno 1970 1970. Ny takahotsy eo anivon'ny karazan-dahateny Bara. Tahiry sy Remby 3(30):192-200.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
rabenilainarogerbruno 1974 1974. Description morpho-syntaxique du Bara (Madagascar). I: Texte. II: Corpus. PhD dissertation. Université de Bordeaux III.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
Based on some texts he collected in 1968, the author elaborately analyses the Bara dialect, in terms of its morphological and syntactic characteristics. His write-up is very technical and is typical of structural linguistics, which was the trend at the time.
rabenilainarogerbruno 1983 1983. Morpho-syntaxe du malgache. Description structurale du dialecte Bara. Langues et civilisations de l'Asie du sud-est et du monde Insulindien. Langues, cultures et sociétés de l'océan Indien 14. Paris: SELAF.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
rabenilainarogerbruno 1985 1985. Lexique-grammaire du malgache. PhD dissertation. FOFIPA.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rabenilainarogerbruno 1987a 1987a. Fotopototry ny gramera Malagasy. Dinika sy Karoka Haiteny 1.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rabenilainarogerbruno 1987b 1987b. Les takahotsy, contes Bara des origines. In Contes et mythes de Madagascar et des Comores. Etudes Océan Indien 8, 57-95, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
rabenilainarogerbruno 1988 1988. Roger Bruno Rabenilaina, lexique-grammaire du malgache: Constructions transitives et intransitives. In Linguistique de Madagascar et des Comores. Etudes Océan Indien 9, 249-252, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rabenilainarogerbruno 1991a 1991a. Construction du dictionnaire électronique du malgache parallèlement à celui du français. Communication au colloque international sur les industries de la langue, du 21 au 24 novembre à Montréal. In Actes du colloque international sur les industries de la langue, Montréal, 21-24 novembre 1990 1, edited by Office de la langue française et société des traducteurs du Québec.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Applied linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rabenilainarogerbruno 1991b 1991b. Le verbe malgache. Paris: AUPELF/ UREF.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rabenilainarogerbruno 1991c 1991c. Voix et diathèse en malgache. Linguisticae Investigationes 15(2):325-335.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rabenilainarogerbruno 1993 1993. L'intégration des différents parlers, signes manifestes de l'unicité de la langue malgache. In Language. A doorway between human cultures, 135-157, edited by Øyvind Dahl. Oslo: Novus Forlag.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Language planning,
- Linguistics,
- Dialectology,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
This article is essential for a study of language planning in Madagascar. Because it was written fairly recently, it contains some recent language policies and decisions.
Selected quotes:
- Il s'agit moins d'incorporation de nouveaux éléments à un système que d'établissement d'une interdépendance entre les parties d'un être vivant (135).
- Si l'on veut que la langue malgache soit, (.) le premier outil de/du développement, il faut procéder à l'intégration des parlers par lesquels cette langue se réalise, c'est-à-dire établir l'interdépendance des diférentes variétés régionales qui conditionnent son existence même. Une telle intégration suppose qu'on accepte que chaque région, chaque hameau même, utilise son parler en toute quiétude, sans aucun complexe. Chaque Malgache se sentira alors dans sa peau, conscient de sa propre dignité et respectueux de celle des autres. La communion d'esprits ainsi favorisée sera source de solidarité dans et pour le développement du pays (135).
rabenilainarogerbruno 2000 2000. Ny teny sy ny fiteny Malagasy. Antananarivo: SME.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
- topic(s):
- Dialectology,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
raberegis 1995 1928 1995 (1928). Fitsimbinan'ain'ny razana hohatsarain'ny taranany. In Diagnostiquer et guérir à Madagascar. Etudes Océan Indien 19, 139-148, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
radimilahychantal 1981 1981. Migrations anciennes dans l'Androy. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 13-14:99-111.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Tanosy (Antanosy),
- South-eastern,
- Tandroy (Antandroy, Ntandroy),
- Southern,
- Tanala (Antanala),
- Eastern,
This paper contains much historical detail and information on Androy and its people, clans, migrations, and history. Archaeological discoveries during the latter half of the 1970's indicate that the area was inhabited since the tenth to eleventh centuries, by people with a particular culture.
The researchers were able to find precise information on two groups of Antandroy, namely the Andriamanary and the Afomarolahy - the first consisting of Andriamanary plus thirteen other groups, the second consisting of ten groups. For the rest, their list was already quite substantial for names of clans and sub-clans, but still incomplete. They obtained the information from mpisorona, i.e. the guardians of the hazomanga, since each different group identifies with their own hazomanga.
From what the researchers were told, all of these groups of Tandroy came from elsewhere, the unwritten memory dating migration to around the beginning of the 19th century, but the genealogies given pointing to the second half of the 17th century, when these migrations would have pushed the tompontany towards the North. Most groups presently living in the North and interior of Androy affirm their southern and south-eastern origin: Ranopiso-Fort Dauphin; some (the Tebekitro) say they came from the Midongy; others (the Antesomahy) from Betsileo. The inhabitants these migrants found were Tsihenimbalala, Bara and Tanala. (The Bara at a later date than the others). Some groups remained living in the area, but regrouped somewhere else, as in the case the author mentions of the Tanala of Antanandava-Ambiromena, who consider themselves Tandroy, but have kept their cultural identity.
The author mentions that the reasons for these migrations remain obscure, but that sometimes these were sociopsychological, where the people were fleeing evil spirits which are mentioned in traditions and ritual songs, such as the myths of the fanany (multi-headed serpent) and the kokolampo (a bad spirit which persecutes the people).
According to informants, the migrations were meant to be temporary, but circumstances forced them to establish themselves in the new areas, other than their place of origin. They retain a symbolical relationship through rites and customs, which, continues to influence them, even to the point that it produces in them an inner conflict between the desire to return to their land of origin and being forced to remain on "foreign" soil.
The sources of information for this study were mainly of an oral nature, undergirded in some instances by archaeological evidence, but the author stresses that written sources on ancient migrations are mostly insufficient or non-existing.
Selected quotes:
- A l'heure actuelle, le pays antandroy forme un quadrilatère limité à l'ouest par le fleuve Menarandra, à l'est par une ligne partant de Tsivory vers Tranomaro et Ranopiso. La ligne passant par les villes Bekily-Beraketa-Tsivory constitue la limite nord.
Les Antandroy divisés en de nombreux clans et sous-clans dont le nom est lié à l'histoire de l'entité, se regroupent selon trois grandes régions:
-les Tahandrefa (à l'Ouest du Manambovo);
-les Reneve (à l'Est du Manambavo);
-les Tatimo (au sud) (100). - Les Andriamanary comprennent les Andriamanary à proprement parler, et 13 autres groupes: Tefanomboke, Tekonda, Tebelampy, Telanja, Temangaike (qui se divisent en deux: les Temangaikefoty et les Temangaikemainte), Tandavake, Terano, Telane, Tehelakelake, Tanandapary, Tsitaila, Tambanekile, Temaromena.
Quant aux Afomarolahy, nous avons décompté 10 groupes: Antemafe, Zazafoty, Takobo, Temarokobo, Tsibontsoa, Tafakatse, Afondriatehake, Tezantelo, Tandaza.
A part ces deux groupes, nous allons nous contenter de donner une liste des autres clans ou sous-clans avec, si possible, la région où ils sont installés. Nous espérons que des renseignements sur leurs subdivisions internes nous seront bientôt fournis. Ce sont:
-dans la région d'Antanimora: les Tanalave, Afondriambata, Afomihala, Tananilahy, Tedoho, Tantsaha, Temafy;
-dans le nord du pays: les antesomahy, Antedodo, Tandemby, Tafondratôke, Tefanoroke, Zafindravola, Tambanditse, Tsihenimbalala, Temanasa, Zafindratsiloke;
-dans la région d'Ambovombe: les Tesevohitse, Tamparehitsy, Tezaha, Lamitihy, Teampoly, Temalaky, Sihanamena, Tanandrove, Tetsila, Temahatomotsy, Tezaha, Tetsimanato, Tambahy, Temarosiha, Tambotake, Tesampona, Temaroaloka, Tambaninato.
Par ailleurs, un certain nombre de noms de groupes antandroy nous ont été cités sans que l'on ait pu nous indiquer leur localisation. Ce sont: les Tambolovohitra, Tambonitratroke, Tsimihina, Tebefeno, Sanameloke, Tampototse, Tebekitro, Sanamahie, Takitre, Antevahy, Anteady, Antekibo, Tandringy, Tampany, Antevato, Antandramenatse, Lavaheloke, Manitsine, Marolabo, Tsitemanindry, Fenovahoaka, Tambato, Tsihatrika, Tambohitse, Tanantampohitse, Zatomotry, Antesatry, Maroakalo, Befangitse, Hazoangatse, Sanamaka, Antetsimena, Mahaitampoe, Tevahe, Tevondro, Namotoa, Tamonto, Tambahy, Tesonona, Talomborona, Tambinany, Teafo, Tevahazo, Tananfindravoay, Tamboroho, Tsimanata, Tanalavondrove, Afondraosa, Afondralambo, Afondrasiloke, Anasosa, Milahea, Tsirangoto, Tanjeke, Tezano, Tsimihina, Tsirandrany, Tanatampoty, Antsesatry, Antekibo, Zatoafo.
Ces différents groupes se reconnaissent à leur hazomanga-D'ailleurs, ces renseignements nous ont été donnés par les mpisorona, gardiens de hazomanga (101). - Ces différents groupes se reconnaissent à leur 'hazomanga' (101).
- En plus, les traditionnistes disparaissent petit à petit et sont plus ou moins remplacés par des successeurs qui, à l'heure actuelle, nous communiquent ou interprètent les traditions selon leurs options politiques ou selon ce qu'ils pensent et croient être la nôtre (101).
- Bien sûr, les Antandroy ou ceux qui habitent la région comme tous les autres Malgaches sont hospitaliers mais nous discernons quand même une certaine méfiaance vis-à-vis de nous qui ne faisons que passer et prétendons leur soutirer des informations concernant l'histoire de leur groupe, informations dont, somme toute, l'utilisation les laisse sceptiques (101).
- En dernier lieu, insistons sur le caractère précieux mais relatif des données orales dont la crédibilité ne sera vérifiée que quand elles seront confrontées avec d'autres données, ou quand on sera certain des modes d'interprétation qui lui conviennent (101).
- Les premiers occupants 'tompon-tany' de la région que ces groupes auraient trouvés seraient les Tsihenimbalala, les Bara, et les Tanala. Le refoulement de ces derniers vers le nord est chose certaine, car les traces de leur occupation sont attestées autant dans les traditions que par la présence de tombes anciennes.
Il semble que les Bara soient venus après les Tsihenimbalala. En effet, en ce qui concerne la culture matérielle et en se basant sur les traditions orales, la présence des Bara semblerait bien plus proche des temps actuels.
D'autres groupes considérés comme les premiers occupants par les Tandroy 'nouvellement' installés, vivent encore dans la région bien qu'ils aient été aussi refoulés par ces mêmes Tandroy et soient cantonnés dans certains villages. C'est le cas par exemple dans le Nord des Tanala regroupés dans le village d'Antanandava-Ambiromena. Ils se considèrent comme Tandroy mais gardent toutefois leur 'identité' culturelle.
Ces mouvements de population auraient obéi à une loi de groupe et ne prennent jamais un aspect individuel.
Les affirmations des Tandroy Tebekitro de Marovaho nous font savoir qu'ils ne sont pas d'origine Tanôsy mais que deux groupes ayant vécu ensemble ont quitté à peu près à la même époque la région de l'Anosy.
Les groupes se sont déplacés en masse poussés par des raisons qui nous restent encore obscures.
Les raisons évoquées sont souvent économiques, mais nous nous rendons compte qu'elles sont récentes. Quelquefois elles sont d'ordre socio-psychologique: fuir des esprits malveillants. Ainsi, nous en trouvons la trace dans les traditions et dans les cantiques: le mythe du 'fanany' (serpent à plusieurs têtes) et le mythe du 'kokolampo', un esprit maléfique qui persécute les populations (103). - Les résultats actuels montrent alors que l'intérieur et surtout la partie nord de l'Androy forme une zone de convergence de divers groupes ethniques: autrefois Tandroy, Bara, Tanôsy surtout, actuellement Betsileo et également Merina. Quoi qu'il en soit, la prédominance antandroy est chose évidente (103).
- Au début, il semble que les migrants aient conçu leurs déplacements comme essentiellement temporaires. Mais les faits les ont obligés à s'établir loin de leur pays d'origine. Ce cas est vraiment indéniable pour le groupe des Antesomahy. Leur itinéraire forme une boucle. D'aiileurs, la tradition affirme qu'ils ont voulu revenir dans leur pays d'origine (les Hauts-plateaux). Ce désir n'a pu être satisfait. Serait-ce le même cas qui se serait produit pour les autres groupes? En effet, on ressent comme un déchirement chez les groupes, déchirement entre le désir toujours entretenu de revenir dans le pays d'origine et l'obligation de demeurer sur une terre "étrangère," entre la fidélité aux sources et les contraintes du pays natal.
Le pays d'origine continue de rester, même symboliquement, en relation avec la terre d'origine. Toutefois, le fait de ne pouvoir ramener les parents et d'enterrer sur place rattachent à la terre d'immigration.
L'"identité" est donc maintenue. C'est le cas des Tebekitro de Marovaho qui considèrent la terre où ils sont comme la leur, bien qu'ils avouent ne pas en être originaires.
La persistance, le souvenir des coutumes et l'absence de relations autres que symboliques avec la terre d'origine ou les membres de la grande famille, nous laissent supposer que les migrations donc se sont effectuées depuis une époque très lointaine( 104-5). - Toutes les informations disent en effet que seuls les Tanôsy-Tatsimo savent forger depuis longtemps. D'autres moins sûres en attribuent la connaissance aux Tanala et aux Bara. Le groupe des Tebekitro de Marovaho reste alors un énigme. Ils se disent forgerons deouis leurs ancêtres. Ils viennent d'Anosy mais ne seraient pas Tanôsy. Leurs affirmations peuvent-elles être retenues? (105).
- Les recherches sont donc à pousser du côté des Bara ou des Tsihenimbalala qui auraient autrefois peuplé l'Androy (105).
- Le groupe des Temaroalaka d'Ambovombe nous posent un problème dont la situation peut nous aider à comprendre les autres groupes. En effet, ce groupe est antandroy par le parler mais Tanôsy par les us et coutumes. Et pourtant il se considère antandroy. Les données sociologiques et ethnographiques pourraient alors peut-être nous aider (106).
- Le contacte entre les Antandroy nouveaux-venus et les groupes 'tompon-tany' qui s'est d'abord manifesté d'une manière violente, belliqueuse par affrontements, puis ensuite par un ralliement des anciens occupants, laissent supposer que les Tandroy avaient une organisation de groupe cohérente et solide par rapport à leurs adversaires.
A l'heure actuelle, le groupe antandroy constitue un des groupes migrateurs les plus actifs. Avec les gens du Sud-Est, ils forment la majorité des travailleurs dans les régions de l'île qui demandent beaucoup de main-d'ouvre comme, par exemple, dans les plantations et les sucreries du Nord-Ouest de l'île.
Ces migrations temporaires, une dizaine d'années tout au plus, peuvent prendre différents aspects: soit individuels, soit familiaux, soit claniques.
La principale cause en est la recherche de l'argent qui permettra de regrouper un important troupeau de zébus lors du retour au pays, qui permettra aussi d'avoir du prestige et ainsi de construire des tombeaux grandioses. Il faut aussi noter l'existence des migrations plus durables, migrations qui concernent des groupes entiers de Tandroy qui ont voulu peut-être revenir au pays d'origine mais n'en ont pas eu la possibilité.
Le genre de vie pour ces derniers peut changer de visage. De nomades, ces Antandroy sont devenu sédentaires. C'est le cas d'un groupe de Tandroy regroupés dans un village dans la région de Belo-sur-Tsiribihina et qui sont devenus riziculteurs (106).
radloffcarlaf 1991b 1991b. Sentence repetition testing for studies of community bilingualism. Summer institute of linguistics & the university of Texas at Arlington: Publications in linguistics 104. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and The University of Texas at Arlington.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Research methodology,
- Research,
- Language planning,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
An excellent comprehensive guide and description, logically set out, of the SRT method. It is easy to read and does not presume expertise on the part of the reader. Yet, the emphasis is on quality research methods and meticulous planning of a survey. This can be applied because of the clear instructions given.
Selected quotes:
- The test itself is a measuring device that is so designed as to allow, within a reasonable timeframe, the testing of a sufficient sample of people so that the summary of their responses can be construed as a rough index of community characteristics of language proficiency (.) the relative ease of field application does not mean that the test is easy to construct or that the field implementation of the method is simple: good results necessitate meticulous planning and implementation (ix-x).
rahajarizafyantoinedepadoue 1960 1960. Essai sur la grammaire malgache. Antananarivo: Imprimerie Catholique.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rahajarizafyantoinedepadoue 1969 1969. Ny kabary. Fianarantsoa: Editions Ambozontany.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Ethnography,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rahajarizafyantoinedepadoue 1998 1998. Ny ohabolana Malagasy. Fianarantsoa: Editions Ambozontany.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
raharinirinarabaovololonarazanajohanylucie 1987 1987. Ny fehezan-teny sy ny fehezan-teny fototra. Dinika sy Karoka Haiteny 1.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
raharinirinarabaovololonarazanajohanylucie&ralalaoherivonybaholisoasimone 1988 1988. Endri-teny. Ny fifanoloana. Dinika sy Karoka Haiteny 1.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
raharinjanaharylala&velonandro 1995 1995. Proverbes malgaches en dialecte Masikoro. Collection repères pour Madagascar et l'océan Indien. Paris: L'Harmattan.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Masikoro,
- South-western,
Excellent source on Masikoro culture; useful introduction.
raharinjanaharysolo&mahajobom&vaovolodimby 1988 1988. Une enquête lexicostatistique sur les parlers Tanôsy et Tañalaña de l'Onilahy. In Linguistique de Madagascar et des Comores. Etudes Océan Indien 9, 171-183, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Dialectology,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Research,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Tañalaña,
- South-western,
- Tanosy (Antanosy),
- South-eastern,
raharinjanaharysolo 199 199-. Le statut du malgache et les décisions de politique linguistique à Madagascar.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Language planning,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
Very pertinent information on the language medium chosen in teaching. Arguments on linguistic policies of Madagascar, especially reflecting on the relationship between French and official Malagasy.
raharinjanaharysolo 1992 1992. L'AnTanôsy: Parler témoin de l'histoire de la langue malgache. In Le scribe et la grande maison. Etudes Océan Indien 15, 49-58, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Tanosy (Antanosy),
- South-eastern,
raherisoanjatodaniel 1984 1984. Origines et évolutions du royaume de l'Arindrano, jusqu'au xixe siècle. Ronéo. Travaux et documents 22. Antananarivo: Musée de l'Université.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rainandriamampandry 1874 1971 1874 [1971]. Tantarany Madagascar. Documents Historiques de Madagascar 25-30. Fianarantsoa: Centre de Formation Pédagogique Ambozontany.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rainitovo 1932 1932. Tantaran'ny Malagasy manontolo, 3 vols. Antananarivo: Paoli.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
raisonfrancoise 1982 1982. Le travail missionnaire sur les formes de la culture orale à Madagascar entre 1820 et 1886. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 15:33-52.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Missiology,
- Religion,
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
raisonjeanpierre 1985 1985. Madagascar, dans le sud-ouest de l'océan Indien. Hérodote 37-38:211-235.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Language planning,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
This article discusses relational aspects between Madagascar and the French language, given that the island was (until 1960) a French colony and, also, because of the proximity of the Francophone islands of the Indian Ocean. Referring to the linguistic unity of the Malagasy language, he makes it clear that this does not imply uniformity, but that the diversity of speech forms used across the island have to be understood against the background of their common Malayo-Polynesian origin.
Interesting reflections on the language of Madagascar. Also, gives the history of the "codification" of Malagasy, English-French conflicts, Merina-Others, Malagasy-French, and some political history.
Selected quotes:
- La définition d'un malgache officiel, à partir des années soixante, n'a pas été l'occasion d'élargir sensiblement les perspectives: ouvre d'intellectuels tananariviens pour l'essentiel, cette nouvelle version ne diffère guère de l'ancienne. La lutte sur la langue est donc inséparable des luttes sur des terrains moins abstraits, et avec elle le débat sur le type de rapport au français (221).
raisonjourdefrancoise 1992 1992. Les évangélistes Merina et leur contribution à la première ethnographie des côtes malgaches. In Le scribe et la grande maison. Etudes Océan Indien 15, 121-136, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Missiology,
- Religion,
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
When the missionaries came back to Madagascar in 1861, after the interruption caused by the reign of Ranavalona I, who tortured and killed many Christians and expelled the missionaries, a special project was launched with the founding of the Home Missionary Society in 1873, which consisted of training and sending young Merina men to evangelise the outlying areas of Madagascar. In this paper, the author discusses the ethnographic work these evangelists were instructed to do, in order to produce "a complete picture" of the peoples of Madagascar. It was to be done by Malagasy agents, who were trained to have a European frame of reference for this, and were unable to identify with any of their fellow citizens' customs, traditions, and way of life, and, highly judgmental of these. Underlying this work, was an ethic that the author shows to have contributed to the expansion of Merina supremacy over the island. This ethic is clear from a triumphant message by the Reverend Sibree, seeing the Merina evangelists taking the torch from the English missionaries to evangelise the pagan peoples of the island, in which he said (personal translation from the French quoted on page 125):
You know that Great Britain is today a great power and she was able to submit vast lands and a good number of countries under the domination of Queen Victoria. It is because she is the first of the Christian nations to love the Word of God (.). If the Hova dominate the other populations of the island, like the Sakalava, the Betsileo, the Bara, one wouldn't hesitate in saying that it is the Hova who serve God the best, hence their supremacy in relation to the other Malagasy populations (.). Who did God give the power to? To the Sakalava, to the Betsileo, to the Bara? No, to the Hova, because they possess the Gospel and because many of them love it.
Many incongruities are pointed out here: the Hova, who subdued other Malagasy in the first half of the nineteenth century, were pagan themselves and committed acts of violence that merited them the hatred and resentment of the vanquished. So, the Merina are to continue their conquest of the island, this time with the goal of winning the pagan souls of the unsubdued, following the noble example of Great Britain, best Christian nation, best colonial power, who according to a divine plan was uniting Christianity and Colonisation under the banner of providence.
Before leaving Madagascar, Sewell (LMS) addressed a large audience in Antananarivo (again a personal translation, p.125):
I am waiting with impatience for the day, when you my friends, the Hova, will become the conquerors of many nations. where the Bara, the Sakalava and all the tribes of Madagascar will be conquered by you and all gathered in the Kingdom of Christ. I am not asking you to arm yourselves with spears and guns and cannons in this war because I have no confidence in such weapons. Let only the Word be in your bags.
The author shows how the ethnographic work done by the Merina evangelists, who were agents of their government in furthering the subjugation of the then still independent Malagasy populations, thus, working according to a certain political ethic, was continued in the same vein by the French military and administrative personnel, who used the same ethnic classification, because they all operated in the same ethic of domination.
rajaonarimanananarivelo&feesarah 1996 1996. Dictionnaire Malgache Dialectal-Français. Dialecte Tandroy. Dictionnaires des langues O' (langues de l'océan Indien occidental). Paris: Langues et Mondes / L'Asiathèque.
- language(s):
- Tandroy Malagasy, French
- topic(s):
- Dialectology,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Applied linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Tandroy (Antandroy, Ntandroy),
- Southern,
In the introduction, much useful information concerning the language of the Tandroy people is given, as well as a discussion of some written material on Tandroy dialectology. This is done chronologically, according to date of publication. A number of recent ethnographic studies are mentioned, as well as other dialectal lexicographic studies. This work is another invaluable tool for anyone interested in the people of Androy.
A challenging quotation in the context of the present sociolinguistic survey is found in the introduction, p. 5, "Les variétés linguistiques utilisées par les quelque dix-huit groupes ethniques différents sont intelligibles par ces groupes avec une seule exception: celles utilisées par les Tandroy du Sud" (our italics). Challenging, because to our knowledge no comprehensive intelligibility studies have been done in Madagascar, and because the only study referred to in the context of this statement is a glottochronological study Vérin et al (100 word list), which could not with lexical data uphold the argument. In the course of our research, some intelligibility studies will be done. Until now ideas about intelligibility in Madagascar, seem largely based on subjective, experiential reports.
rajaonarimanananarivelo 1987 1987. Les parents à plaisanterie des Makoa. In Contes et mythes de Madagascar et des Comores. Etudes Océan Indien 8, 119-123, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
rajaonarimanananarivelo 1992 1992. Notes de philologie Arabico-malgache. In Le scribe et la grande maison. Etudes Océan Indien 15, 23-31, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Temoro (Antemoro, Antaimoro),
- Eastern,
- South-eastern,
The author here briefly looks at the written arabico-malagasy literature called sorabe. He discusses, in turn, the texts in Arabic and then, those in Malagasy and points out some cases of divergence with the archaic language that are found in present-day Antemoro-Malagasy. His description of 'sorabe' is a clear summary for the uninitiated.
Selected quotes:
- La littérature écrite arabico-malgache 'sorabe' est réalisée en trois langues différentes suivant le genre et la fonction de chaque texte. On peut en effet distinguer quatre catégories principales de texte qui portent des noms spécifiques en malgache (.)résumé dans le tableau suivant:
catégorie des textes; puis type de langue:
(1)religieux; arabe dégradé ou pidginisé; quelquefois traduction-calque en malgache
(2)divinatoires; malgache archaïque avec des mots techniques empruntés à l'arabe
(3)médicaux; malgache archaïque avec des mots techniques empruntés à l'arabe
(4)historiques et culturels; malgache-antemoro courant avec quelques archaïsmes et emprunts (23). - Textes en arabe: ces textes en arabe forment une littérature religieuse spécifique aux Antemoro. Il montre l'influence de l'islam, introduit par un enseignement oral systématique (alphabet et textes coraniques) et amplifié par la pratique des devins-gurisseurs 'ombiasa' qui utilisent les versets coraniques comme talisman de protection ou comme prière de guérison (23).
- Ils forment un ensemble peu connu et peu étudié (.). Tous les auteurs qui ont examiné ces textes religieux ont souligné l'imperfection et la forme corrompue de la langue arabe utilisée (24).
- (.)cette forme d'arabe dégradée a été utilisée et considérée comme langue sacrée. Elle servait de support pour diffuser l'enseignement de l'Islam et communiquer avec Dieu. Cette langue, si elle servait dans la vie religieuse, ne servait sûrement pas à la communication quotidienne chez les Arabico-malgaches, pas plus que le latin d'église ne pouvait au début du Xxe siècle être utilisé pour converser parmi les paysans mexicains catholiques.Rappelons que la langue arabe n'était pas enseignée dans les écoles coraniques qui se fondaient essentiellement sur l'apprentissage de l'alphabet et la mémorisation mécanique des textes religieux. On peut penser néanmoins qu'une grande partie de cette littérature religieuse a été composée à Madagascar et que de ce fait, elle mérite une étude socio-linguistique plus rigoureuse (24-5).
- (.)ce legs linguistique arabe a évolué de nos jours dans deux directions: on constate la persistance des prières rituelles en arabe dans les cérémonies traditionnelles malgache-antemoro et l'émergence d'une langue secrète à base lexicale arabe employé comme marqueur ethnique pour l'identification de la communauté (25).
- Textes en malgache:
L'étude des textes divinatoires et médicaux et accessoirement les textes historiques, bien qu'ils soient écrits en malgache, pose quelques problèmes d'analyse et de compréhension du fait de l'archaïcité du langage. Celui-ci présente, en effet, des particularités phonétiques et morphologiques qui le différencient de la langue malgache-antemoro actuel (25). - Depuis les tudes dialectologiques de G.Ferrand et J.Dez (1963), on a l'habitude, en se fondant sur des critères phonétiques, de répartir les différents parlers malgaches en deux grands ensembles, les parlers occidentaux et les parlers orientaux. Dans les radicaux comuuns, les parlers occidentaux ont les séquences 'li' et 'ti', là où les parlers orientaux ont régulièrement 'di' et 'tsi'. De la même manière, dans la terminale des mots proparoxytons, les parlers occidentaux ont la consonne affriquée 'ts', tandis que les parlers orientaux ont la consonne 'tr' (25-6).
- Par rapport à ces crritères, le parler antemoro actuel appartient au domaine des parlers orientaux, tandis que la langue des manuscrits 'volan'onjatsy' est mixte puisqu'on y retrouve des formes à 'li', actuellement disparues du parler antemoro (comme 'malaly' "prompt"), mais que les formes à 'tsi', réalisées jusqu'à maintenant dans le dialecte parlé, y sont déjà présentes (exemple: 'vitsiky' "fourmi").
Dans les mots trisyllabiques, on note l'utilisation fréquente des terminales '-ky' et '-tsy'; pour la terminale à élément nasal, on relève la consonne finale '-n', la consonne étymologique '-m' dans '-enem' "six" et 'alem' "nuit," et souvent leur degré zéro.
Par rapport à l'ensemble des parlers malgaches, pour les radicaux communs, on constate une grande variabilité de ces trois terminales (26). - On observe aussi dans la langue des manuscrits et dans la langue malgache-antemoro actuelle, des cas de sandhi qui s'écarte des normes génrales de la langues malgache (29).
rajaonarimanananarivelo 1993 1993. Les talismans écrits de la tradition Arabico-malgache. In Language. A doorway between human cultures, 103-121, edited by Øyvind Dahl. Oslo: Novus Forlag.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Temoro (Antemoro, Antaimoro),
- Eastern,
- South-eastern,
rajaonarimanananarivelo 1995a 1995a. Dictionnaire du Malgache contemporain. Malgache-Français, Français-Malgache. Collection "hommes et sociétés". Paris: Editions Karthala.
- language(s):
- Malagasy, French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Applied linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rajaonarimanananarivelo 1995b 1995b. Les documents médicaux de la tradition Arabico-malgache (sud-est de madagascar). In Diagnostiquer et guérir à Madagascar. Etudes Océan Indien 19, 11-44, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Temoro (Antemoro, Antaimoro),
- Eastern,
- South-eastern,
rajaonarimanananarivelo 1996 1996. Les sept pilons de fer. Traditions orales du Manandriana (madagascar). Etudes Océan Indien 20. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
rajaonarisonelie 1979 1979. Mythe sur l'origine des Mahafaly et de la dynastie Maroseranana (sud-ouest de madagascar). Taloha 8:83-110.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Mahafale (Mahafaly),
- Southern,
rajaonasimeon 1959 1959. Essai d'analyse de la structure de la pensée malgache. Examen de quelques notions. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache n.s. 37:75-79.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Social sciences - other,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rajaonasimeon 1963 1963. Aspects de la psychologie malgache vus à travers certains traits des "kabary" et quelques faits de langue. Annales de l'Université de Madagascar, Série Lettres et Sciences Humaines 1:23-37.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Ethnography,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Social sciences - other,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rajaonasimeon 1969 1969. Recueil de contes Tandroy. Antananarivo: Université de Madagascar.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Tandroy (Antandroy, Ntandroy),
- Southern,
A collection of texts in Antandroy, recorded in 1967, representing the first attempt by a linguist to standardize the Tandroy language. His system of transcribing has since been adopted for use by many Tandroy researchers.
rajaonasimeon 1972 1972. Structure du malgache. Fianarantsoa: Editions Ambozontany.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rajaonasimeon 1980 1980. Alternance en malgache. Hiratra 2.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rajaonasimeon 1981 1981. La variation /e-i/ en position postaccentuelle dans les différents parlers malgaches. Hiratra 3.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Dialectology,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rajaonasimeon 1989 1989. La politique linguistique. Leçon inaugurale prononcée par le Professeur Siméon Rajaona à la rentrée universitaire, 1988-1989. Leçon inaugurale, rentrée universitaire 1988-89, 9 février 1989. Antananarivo: University of Antananarivo.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Language planning,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
General historical overview, with examples from Germany, not much about Madagascar.
rajaonasimeon 1999 1999. Les phénomènes morphologiques: Éléments de morphologie inflexionnelle du malgache. Fianarantsoa: Editions Ambozontany.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rajasperaraphael 1995 1995. Taxinomies lexicales et structures sémantiques vues à travers la traduction du français en malgache: Les termes de parenté, la dénomination des couleurs. Meta 40(4):623-631.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rajemisaraolisonregis 1971 1971. Grammaire malgache. Fianarantsoa: Editions Ambozontany.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
rajemisaraolisonregis 1985 1985. Rakibolana Malagasy. Fianarantsoa: Editions Ambozontany.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Applied linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rakotojaonaj 1983 1983. Mahay mikabary. Antananarivo: Trano Printy FJKM.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Ethnography,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rakotomalalamalanjaonamanoelina&razafimbelocelestin 1985 1985. Le problème d'intégration sociale chez les Makoa de l'Antsihanaka. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 21-22:93-113.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Dialectology,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Social sciences - other,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
Insightful article of the Makoa community in Antsihanaka. A short wordlist elicited in 1982 is given in annexe.
rakotomalalamalanjaonamanoelina 1992 1992. Des exercices de grammaire malgache dans une école de la mission Protestante française de Tananarive en 1905. In Le scribe et la grande maison. Etudes Océan Indien 15, 59-67, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Religion,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rakotonaivofrancois 1997 1997. Ny riba Malagasy eran'ny Nosy. Fianarantsoa: Editions Ambozontany.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Ethnography,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Social sciences - other,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rakotondrabemodeste 1993 1993. Malgachisation de l'enseignement et francophonie. Recherches et Documents 16:28-71.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Language planning,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Social sciences - other,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
ralaimihoatraedouard 1966 1966. La dépression d'Ivohibe dans l'histoire du sud. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache n.s. 42(2):33-35.
- language(s):
- French
ralaimihoatraedouard 1981 1981. Reflexions sur les Maroseranana du Menabe. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 13-14:141-147.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
Brief discussion of some sources on the origins of the Maroseranana.
ralaivolaclovis 1976 1976. Contribution à l'étude historique et linguistique des noms et sobriquets donnés aux Merina. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache n.s. 52(1-2):3-20.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Hova,
- Merina,
- Central,
- Borizano,
- Amboalambo,
- Ambaniandro,
ralalaoherivonybaholisoasimone 1987 1987. Fanehoana anka-pobeny momba ny fandinihana eo amin'ny endri-teny. Dinika sy Karoka Haiteny 1.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
raliberar 1966 1966. Vazaha et malgaches en dialogue. Fianarantsoa: Imprimerie Catholique.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
ramamonjisoajanine 2002 2002. Les relations entre "ethnies" à Madagascar: Une problématique souvent mal posée. Afrique Contemporaine 202-203:55-71.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
One of the rare contemporary reflections on ethnic issues in Madagascar, an attempt to explain the Malagasy case. This paper links up well with Tsimilaza (1992).
ramamonjyfetra 1988 1988. Correspondances consonnantiques entre le malgache et l'Indonesien. In Linguistique de Madagascar et des Comores. Etudes Océan Indien 9, 133-141, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Austronesian linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
ramandraivononadenis 1959 1959. Le malgache: Sa langue et sa religion. Paris: Présence Africaine.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
This work hasn't much to offer our study and seems to be highly marginal in any context. The author maintains that his goal has been to dissect the Malagasy language, to study its physiology, and in this way, to help lay a foundation for etymological research. He throws out various sweeping statements concerning the historical closeness between Malagasy and Sanskrit and argues for a closeness with Latin. He provides "substantiation" from comparative lists of Sanskrit and Malagasy; Latin and Malagasy; with references to French and English, etc., and further complicates his thesis by trying to demonstrate a direct relation between what constitutes a word form and its meaning; a primal significance in the very letters of the alphabet used to form words, which directly equal meanings, contained in the roots he isolated. This forcing of relationship between form and meaning has been less than convincing.
ramavolalaoelisabeth 1988 1988. Takela-panomanan-desona 3 ho an'ny T. 11. Dinika sy Karoka Haiteny 2.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rambelomichel 1981 1981. Contribution à l'étude de la situation linguistique à Madagascar: Les rapports entre le malgache officiel, le malgache dialectal et le français dans une situation de diglossie, thèse de 3e cycle. PhD dissertation. Université de Provence.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rambelomichel 1987 1987. Réflections sur la situation sociolinguistique à Madagascar. Etudes de Linguistique Appliquée n.s. 65:7-22.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Language planning,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
Michel Rambelo discusses the complexity of the sociolinguistic situation in Madagascar, in particular, due to the existence of a bipolar diglossia: the first pole concerns conflicting relations between French and Malagasy, and the second between Common Malagasy (the Standard form of Malagasy, based on Merina) and regional speech varieties. Important for our study is the following quotations from this article:
Pour des raisons qu'il faudra un jour analyser-le faire ici nous écarterait de notre sujet-, peu nombreuses ont été les études qui ont abordé l'analyse de la situation linguistique à Madagascar en terme de fonctions, de variétés et de conflit.
En général, les recherches se sont le plus souvent limitées à une approche exclusivement linguistique de la question (description de dialectes, études des interférences entre "le" malgache et "le" français, etc.) en mettant l'accent beaucoup plus sur l'unité linguistique que sur les variations, excluant de leurs champs de recherche les phénomènes sociaux et politiques liés au fonctionnement des situations linguistiques (7).
ranaivosonjeannotfils 1987 1987. Fanovonana sy fanovanana ary fanatsofohana. Dinika sy Karoka Haiteny 1.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
randriamasimananacharles 1988 1988. Les causatifs du malgache. In Linguistique de Madagascar et des Comores. Etudes Océan Indien 9, 215-222, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
ranjevahenri 1988 1988. Mot et syntaxe en malgache. In Linguistique de Madagascar et des Comores. Etudes Océan Indien 9, 223-235, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
ranjivasonjeantheodore 1985 1985. Morpho-syntaxe du malgache. PhD dissertation. Université de Paris 7.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
raoelinaandriambololona&ramiandrasoafred 1976 1976. Comment forger une langue scientifique malgache? Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache n.s. 52(1-2):109-115.
- language(s):
- French
raoelinaandriambololona 1976 1976. Remarques sur la malgachisation des termes scientifiques. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache n.s. 52(1-2):100-107.
- language(s):
- French
rasamuelm 1986 1986. Kabary am-panambadiana sy amin'ny fanasana. Antananarivo: Trano Printy FJKM.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Ethnography,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rasoamalalavaoclaire&raharinjanaharysolo 1992 1992. Atlas linguistique et ethnographique de Madagascar. Communication aux journées des 3 au 10 juillet 1992, université de Toliara.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Language planning,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
This lecture informs about a project to do research towards a linguistic and ethnographic atlas of Madagascar. It explains the stages of research, describes procedures and frames the first area of research. Attached is found the wordlist that would be used.
rasoazananivoflorine 1987 1987. Ny fomba fanatontosana ny fandaharam-pianarana momba ny fifehezan-teny ao amin'ny T. 10. Dinika sy Karoka Haiteny 1.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rasoazananivoflorine 1988 1988. Takela-panomanan-desona 2 ho an'ny T. 10. Dinika sy Karoka Haiteny 2.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
ratremaw 1985 1985. Riba sy lohahevitra takarina amin'ny literatiora. Antananarivo: EN 3 - CUR.
- language(s):
- Malagasy
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
ratsimam 1981 1981. Etude sociolinguistique chez une colonie Antandroy. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 13-14:319-327.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Tandroy (Antandroy, Ntandroy),
- Southern,
An interesting field study, in a migrant village of Tandroy, Andranotakatra, in the region of Mandoto, surrounded in the same fokontany by Bara, Merina and Vakinankaritra villages. The migration of their group from Antanimora started in 1927 and the present village was implanted in 1965, all of them Renivave. The study consisted of recording the village peoples' conversations during ten afternoons, then determining the frequency of topics of conversation. Then to choose four informants to interview, based on certain criteria, and to find and analyse in their conversations any loanwords used. The community had, over the years, added activities to their lifestyle, which never used to belong there, such as agriculture and commerce. He states that "les documents relatifs à l'étude des dialectes et surtout celle des emprunts internes sont quasi inexistants" (327) which is still pretty much the case almost twenty years later. He ends on the following question: "A quel facteur, favorisant les emprunts lexicaux, faut-il donner une place de prédilection pour pouvoir constituer les matériaux nécessaires à l'édification du malgache commun?" (Ibid), a question which points to the existence of the project to build a "common Malagasy language," "un malgache commun."
ratsimamangaalbertrakoto 1940 1940. Tâche pigmentaire héréditaire et origine des malgaches (Thèse). Revue Anthropologique 1-3:6-140.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
ravololonirinahajasoa 1985 1985. De l'instrumentalisation des dialectes oraux. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 21-22:115-129.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Language planning,
- Linguistics,
- Dialectology,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
Very intelligent article, worthy of the best in sociolinguistics!
This is a key article for our study of Malagasy linguistics, in that it confirms many of the sensitive conclusions we have come to through field studies and other readings. It is also one of the most "sociolinguistically inclined" I have found on the Malagasy linguistic situation. The author gives a short overview of the history of Malagasy, with particular reference to the standardisation of Merina as the politically dominant dialect. He discusses certain prejudices concerning Malagasy dialects, some of which found continuation in the unifying nature of the structural description of Malagasy, which proclaims a far-fetched unity (=similarity), denying the reality of variation and difference.
We have found that the idea of dialect similarity in Madagascar has been ideologised and popularised to such an extent that it is difficult to convince people of the need for studying this assumption.
This study is a great encouragement in confirming the need.
Selected quotes:
- Il est certain que les dialectes malgaches présentent d'importantes similitudes soulignées dès la colonisation dans des observations partielles et souvent emiriques, justifiant maintes extrapolations hâtives, comme celle-ci de Julien et Gerbinis:
-Les diversités dialectales ne reflètent que des nuances et non des différences. Elles tiennent surtout à des changements plus apparents que réels, dans l'émission de certaines syllabes finales, l'alternance de certaines consonnes entre elles. La grammaire et la syntaxe enfin, sont partout, à quelques insignifiantes variantes près, les mêmes.-
A l'à peu près de ces approximations linguistiques, souvent subordonnées aux normes occidentales, s'est substituée cinquante ans plus tard l'option structuraliste inaugurée en linguistique malgache par S. Rajaona sous les traits du fonctionnalisme. On ne saurait nier l'impulsion donnée par la linguistique structurale à la recherche en linguistique fondamentale. Le fonctionnalisme a orienté deux grandes thèses en dialectologie: 'La syntaxe du Bara' de BR Rabenilaina, et 'le parler Sakalava du Nord-Ouest' de D. Baré-Thomas, pour ne parler que des travaux mis à la disposition du public. La description structurale a permis de mettre en évidence un aspect isomorphe des dialectes de l'île qui présentent "à quelques variantes près" un système phonologique, des normes morphologiques et des normes syntaxiques communs.
La linguistique structurale est résolument unifiante, mais l'unité qu'elle décrit est l'expression d'un choix opéré dans les faits de langue sur le refus de prendre en considération la variante ou la différence. Forte de ses convictions, elle franchit le pas entre une unité structurale de fait et une unification linguistique de droit (119).
razafimpahananab 1964 1964. Problèmes méthodologiques de l'enquête en milieu malgache. In Civilisation malgache. Série sciences humaines 1, 249-266, edited by Jean Poirier, and Siméon Rajaona. Antananarivo: Université de Madagascar, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Research,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
Interesting article on attitudes found during surveys among, especially, the Merina people. Some advice is given on how to survey in Madagascar, especially concerning the surveying of attitudes. The author prefers group surveys to statistical methods.
razafintsalamajoseph 1928 1928. La langue malgache et les origines malgaches. 2 vols. Tananarive: G. Pitot.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
razanajatolouisdegonzague&ranaivosonjeannotfils 1990 1990. Trente années d'enseignement et de recherche en linguistique à l'U. E. R. Séminaire national de réflexion sur l'enseignement du malgache dans le monde pluriculturel d'aujourd'hui. Antananarivo, 10-15 décembre, 1990.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
An interesting overview of the state of linguistic research and teaching in Madagascar.
razarihelisoamarguerite 1988 1988. Compte-rendu. Marguerite Razarihelisoa, Lexique de l'avifaune de Madagascar. Liste systématique. Remarques linguistiques, à paraitre in Bulletin des Etudes Africaines de l'INALCO, Paris, vol VII, no 1, 1987. In Linguistique de Madagascar et des Comores. Etudes Océan Indien 9, 253, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Applied linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rengokyzafitompo 1997 1997. La relation à l'étranger. Essai sur les jeux des enfants Masikoro. Master's thesis. Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Social sciences - other,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Mikea,
- South-western,
- Masikoro,
resondrov&romualdv 1988 1988. Katesizy tsara Bara.
- language(s):
- Bara Malagasy
richardsonjames 1885 1885. A new Malagasy-English dictionary. Antananarivo: London Missionary Society Press.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Applied linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
rombimariefrancoise 1979 1979. Trois pauvres, deux tyrans, deux princesses. Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines 19:549-578.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
ruudjoergen 1955 1955. Etude grammaticale du dialecte Betsimisaraka du sud. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache n.s. 33:33-55.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Dialectology,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Southern Betsimisaraka (Antatsimo, Tatsimo),
- Betsimisaraka,
- Eastern,
sambo 1999 1999. Contes et légendes Tandroy. Paris: L'Harmattan.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Tandroy (Antandroy, Ntandroy),
- Southern,
sauttergilles&bourdiecfle&dandoyg&faurouxemmanuel&raisonjeanpierre&schlemmerbernard&waastroland 1980 1980. Changements sociaux dans l'ouest malgache. Mémoires 90. Paris: Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer.
- language(s):
- French
schmidtbernd 1988 1988. Wandel sprachlich-kommunikativer Verhältnisse in der DR Madagascar und Sprachwandel Im Malagasy. Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung 41(1):324-333.
- language(s):
- German
- topic(s):
- Language planning,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
This article takes a look at language change in Madagascar since 1960, as well as at language attitudes vis-à-vis French and Malagasy.
schmidtbernd 1989 1989. Sprachkontakt Malagasy-Französisch: Veränderungen Im Kontinuum Französisch-madagassische Literatursprache - Umgangsprache. Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung 42(6):847-857.
- language(s):
- German
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
schmidtbernd 1992 1992. Pour une histoire de la langue malgache. In Le scribe et la grande maison. Etudes Océan Indien 15, 105-112, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Language planning,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
This article summarises the research problem and other aspects, such as methods used and results obtained for a doctoral thesis submitted by Bernd Schmidt to the University of Leipzig in 1990 (Entitled Abrégé de l'histoire contemporaine de la langue malgache de 1960 à nos jours-Contribution à l'étude de la politique linguistique et du changement linguistique). He draws parallels with other states in the region of Madagascar and Africa where certain similar post-colonial trends existed, in that one after the other became disillusioned with their Stalinist-socialist orientation for overcoming underdevelopment and poverty. He also points out the role that linguistics played in reshaping politics and social development.
schomerusgernboecklotte 1970b 1970b. Sprachaufnahmen bei den Mahafaly. Bulletin of the International Committee on Urgent Anthropological and Ethnological Research 12:95-115.
- language(s):
- German
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Mahafale (Mahafaly),
- Southern,
sharplesley 2000 2000. Royal affairs and the power of (fictive) kin: Mediumship, maternity, and the contemporary politics of Belazava identity. Taloha 13:111-134.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Social sciences - other,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Northern Sakalava,
- Sakalava,
- Western,
- Bemazava (Sakalava),
Clearly written, valuable insights into Sakalava Bemazava life and identity.
shopentimothy 1979 1979. Languages and their speakers. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Winthrop.
- language(s):
- English
simonpierre 1988 1988. Ludvig Munthe, Elie Rajaonarison, Désiré Ranaivosoa, "Le cathéchisme malgache de 1657, essai de présentation du premier livre en langue malgache." Egede Instituttet, Imprimerie Luthérienne, Antananarivo, 1987. In Linguistique de Madagascar et des Comores. Etudes Océan Indien 9, 254-256, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Missiology,
- Religion,
- Dialectology,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Tanosy (Antanosy),
- South-eastern,
skeiekh 1994 1994. Religious and cultural identity in times of change. Beliefs and rituals around death among the Merina of Madagascar 1866-1895. Oslo: University of Oslo. Dept of History of Religions.
- language(s):
- English
thomasfattierdominique 1982 1982. Le dialecte Sakalava du nord ouest de Madagascar. Paris: SELAF.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Dialectology,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- North-western,
thomasrp 1905 1905. Les origines des noms des mois à Madagascar. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache 4.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
tsimilazaalphonse 1992 1992. La notation de l'accent en malgache. Réflexions sur quelques questions de transcription et d'orthographie. In Le scribe et la grande maison. Etudes Océan Indien 15, 33-48, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
Alphonse Tsimilaza touches here on some interesting aspects concerning the orthography and phonetic transcription of the Malagasy language, with specific reference to differences among the existing dialects (he mentions a project of "wider reflection" on the issue of a model of transcription for the Malagasy language, but gives no detail). The motivation for such reflection is because the official orthography is based on the work of British missionaries at the beginning of the 19th century for the language spoken around Antananarivo, but does not adequately represent every sound found in the other speech varieties of the island. An example is the glottal sound in the Antandroy language, which carries an important grammatical function and needs to be represented in the common orthography. The IPA has been adopted for the official phonetic transcription. For the orthography, the characters existing in the alphabet of Official Malagasy have been used, as well as those that are found on the typewriter keyboards that are the most common in Madagascar. For sounds that have never been included before, diacritics would be used.
He mentions that Bakoly Domenichini-Ramiaramanana is the only Malagasy author who has systematically and consistently employed the IPA and that others have resisted this, for two reasons:
Firstly, that the official Malagasy orthography represents all the sounds of the official language; and secondly, that most linguists defend one general system and language structure for the Malagasy language. He further discusses the reasons behind the excessive defence of the unity of the Malagasy language, that these are mostly political, stemming from the fear of "tribalism" which "haunts the Malagasy intellectuals" and calls this prevailing attitude unscientific, arguing that this "language unity is to be stated, not defended," that to refuse to take into account any variations of language, is to refuse to understand the function thereof, which is to err from the main goal of linguistics.
Having set the scene in this way, he then discusses the accent in Malagasy, under the headings "l'accent de mot," "faits dialectaux," "l'accent des mots redoublés ou composés," "l'accent de groupe" et "l'accent d'insistance." He mentions the fact that the rules are not the same for all the varieties of Malagasy and that different signs have been used for the notation of accent and proposes the uniform use of the 'accent grave' in orthography. In phonetics and phonology the accent should be represented by the apostrophe. The place of the accent differs in the different varieties of Malagasy.
Selected quotes:
- (.)l'orthographe mise au point au début di XIXe siècle par les missionnaires britanniques pour le parler d'Antananarivo et de ses environs, ne représente pas adéquatement tous les sons pertinants qui se rencontrent dans les divers parlers de l'île (33).
- Il s'agirait donc en linguistique malgache, notamment en dialectologie, d'estomper les différences pour défendre l'unité.
Nous pensons qu'une telle attitude est antiscientifique (.) cette unité de la langue est à constater, elle n'est pas à être défendue. Il n'y a donc aucun mal à faire ressortir les variations que connaissent les parlers malgaches (35).
turcottedenis 1981a 1981a. La planification linguistique à Madagascar: Réaménager les rapports entre les langues française et malgache. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 32:5-25.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Language planning,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
This exposé was taken from Turcotte's doctoral thesis, "Etude comparative de la politique linguistique en Côte d'Ivoire et à Madagascar." Turcotte discusses here the repercussions of the revolution of 1972 had on linguistic policies. He discusses the problem of a hypothetic common Malagasy, a unification of all dialects. This article gives a good overview of what the linguistic situation was like in 1978.
Selected quotes:
- (.) il semble généralement admis qu'une des causes principales des échecs accumulés en matière d'alphabétisation jusqu'en 1968 résidait dans le fait qu'on avait utilisé exclusivement le malgache officiel au détriment des dialectes locaux (17).
turcottedenis 1981b 1981b. La politique linguistique en Afrique francophone. Une étude comparative de la côte d'ivoire et de Madagascar. Travaux du centre international de recherche sur le bilinguisme / publications of the international center for research on bilingualism A-17. Québec: Les Presses de l'Université Laval.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Language planning,
- Linguistics,
- Malagasy language,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
This study on the linguistic policies of Ivory Coast and Madagascar provides a good basis for understanding the linguistic situation in the two countries and especially for Madagascar, which interests us most, at present. Turcotte covers the linguistic situation in Madagascar especially during the 1970's, where some important decisions were made, resulting among other things in the decline of levels of instruction two decades later. In order to understand the present situation, it is essential to grasp the origins and the evolution of it. He deals with linguistic realities in teaching, information media, public service, literacy, the armed forces, culture, the occupational milieu, and others. He also explains the historical roots of the linguistic situation.
urbainfaubleem 1963 1963. L'art malgache. Pays d'outre-mer 2. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
vacher 19031905 1903-1905. Etudes ethnographiques du Cap. Vacher. La Revue de Madagascar 5(10-12),6(1,2,8,10),7(5,6).
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
valettejean 1966 1966. Note sur l'origine du mot Betsileo. Bulletin de Madagascar 1966:1006-1009.
- language(s):
- French
verinpierre&raharijaonasuzanne 1964 1964. Le système de parenté Merina. Annales de l'Université de Madagascar, Série Lettres et Sciences Humaines 2:101-113.
- language(s):
- French
verinpierre&smithdavid 1986 1986. The history of civilisation in north Madagascar. Rotterdam, Boston: A.A. Balkema.
- language(s):
- English
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Religion,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Sakalava,
- Western,
- Makoa,
- Tankarana (Antankarana, Tekarana, Antekarana),
- Northern,
Some very original etymological insights into the language of the North are offered in this work and these deserve to be followed up. See pp 48-49.
Selected quotes:
- In all the dialects of Madagascar, there are words that date back to the early period of Afro-Indonesian symbiosis. Exemples of such words are omby (ox), ondry (sheep), akanga (guinea fowl), akoho (chicken), etc. This implies that there was an important Bantu influence when the breeding of livestock was introduced into Madagascar. On the other hand, there are many Bantu borrowings which do not belong to the north-west. These include, for example, the word mahogo (cassava), which is mangahazo in the center of the island and balahazo in the south, as well as many terms used in seafaring.
Place names also follow this general rule. There are few such names with a Bantu origin in Malagasy, or perhaps it would be more correct to say that these are either barely recognizable or even rare (Kaday, Kasijy, Mazy). On the northwest coast, however, there are several place names which have been introduced more recently by the Swahilis of the échelles. These include, among others, Kivinja (the encampments), Kandrany (in the shape of cape, Kanda), Ankomany (where there are sea plants), Langany, Karakajoro (like a raised finger), Sangajira (way of the sands), Kongony (where there are bugs), Kisimany (where there is a well), Bandany (where there are houses), Djangoa (tidal creek) (46-7). - It is as yet hardly possible for us to disentangle the different contributions that were made in successive stages, but many authors felt that the population of the west and the north of Madagascar was very heterogeneous. Throughout the whole of his book on the north-west, Mellis stressed the contrast between 'the people of the sea' (Antandrano) and 'those of the interior' (olo boka antety). He also pointed out that this contrast is marked by certain funeral rites. According to Mellis, 'the Antankara in the strict sense of the word are, above all, "Antandrano" (those of the water). They occupy the coastline of the island and live from the products of the sea. Some scholars say that they are the Vahizo (=Vezo) of the North' (Mellis 1938:15).
Mellis also noted that this right to the coastline meant that the Antankara kings were Tompondjia, that is, masters of the sand, and in charge of turtle hunting (47). - Vezo-Antavelo (48).
- Throughout the history of the Sakalava kingdom, the political movements of the Boina had repercussions in the extreme North. It is even possible to say that, despite their relative autonomy, the Ankarana and the mountainous interior of the Androna were submitted-and indeed had been submitted since the beginning of history-to a process of 'Sakalavization'. The Sakalava influence has led some scholars to believe that, at the linguistic and ethnographic levels, the people of the north were connected to the Western Madagascan province, even though they were in fact very close to the Betsimisaraka of the north (113).
verinpierre 1979 1979. Le problème des origines malgaches. Taloha 8:41-55.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
verinpierre 1984 1984. Tsiokantimo: Vent du sud. Etudes Océan Indien 4. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Religion,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Southern,
verinpierre 1986 1986. Origines malgaches: Histoire culturelle et archéologie de Madagascar, mise au point et commentaire. In Madagascar: Society and history 38, 45-52, edited by Conrad Phillip Kottak, Jean-Aimé Rakotoarisoa, Aidan Southall, and Pierre Vérin. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
verinpierre 1987 1987. Contes et mythes de Madagascar et des Comores. Etudes Océan Indien 8. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Comores, Comorien,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Madagascar,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
verinpierre 1988 1988. Linguistique de Madagascar et des Comores. Etudes Océan Indien 9. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Diachronic linguistics,
- Comores, Comorien,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Madagascar,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
verinpierre 1991 1991. Navigations. Etudes Océan Indien 13. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Comores, Comorien,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Madagascar,
- Social sciences - other,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
verinpierre 1992b 1992b. Le scribe et la grande maison. Etudes offertes au Professeur J Dez. Etudes Océan Indien 15. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Missiology,
- Religion,
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- History,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
Etudes Océan Indien no 15 was published in honour of Prof Jacques Dez, who has distinguished himself in contributing to Malagasy social and linguistic issues. The volume is presented in two parts, namely I. Le Scribe, which contains articles of a philological and linguistic nature and II. La Grande Maison, which deals with sociological and anthropological issues. Included is a bibliography of the work of J. Dez as well as some book reviews.
verinpierremaharavo 1995 1995. Note sur la pharmacopée malgache. L'exemple du 'talapetraka' (suivi d'une bibliographie indicative sur les plantes médicinales malgaches). In Diagnostiquer et guérir à Madagascar. Etudes Océan Indien 19, 45-52, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Qualitative research,
- Research,
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
webberjean 1853 1853. Dictionnaire malgache-français, rédigé selon l'ordre des racines par les missionnaires Catholiques de Madagascar et adapté aux dialectes de toutes les provinces. Ile Bourbon: Notre Dame de la Ressource.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Sociolinguistics,
- Applied linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Anthropology and ethnology,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
webberjean 1855 1855. Grammaire malgache. Ile Bourbon: Notre Dame de la Ressource.
- language(s):
- French
- topic(s):
- Malagasy language,
- Linguistics,
- Madagascar,
- Indian Ocean region,
- Austronesian,
- Malagasy ethnie(s):
- Malagasy,
wilsonpeterj 1971 1971. Sentimental structure: Tsimihety migration and descent. American Anthropologist 73:193-208.
- language(s):
- English