A bibliographic journey through Madagascar

abramovitchhenry 1974Abramovitch, Henry. 1974. Sainte-Marie. Taloha 6:187-188.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Saint Mariens,

Eastern,

Betsimisaraka,

A very brief account, based on observations during the author's stay at Ile Sainte Marie, July-October 1973, touching on the history of the island, its name, the customs of reburial, circumcision, mitrambo and tromba.

abulughodlila 1986Abu-Lughod, Lila. 1986. Veiled sentiments: Honor and poetry in a Bedouin society. Berkeley: University of California Press.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Sociolinguistics,

Linguistics,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

adamskarenl&conklinnancyf 1973Adams, Karen L., and Nancy F. Conklin. 1973. Toward a theory of natural classification. In Papers from the Ninth Regional Meeting Chicago Linguistic Society, April 13-15, 1973, 1-10, edited by Claudia Corum, T. Cedric Smith-Stark, and Ann Weiser. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Diachronic linguistics,

Linguistics,

History,

adelaarkarlalexander 1989bAdelaar, Karl Alexander. 1989b. Malay influence on Malagasy: Linguistic and culture-historical implications. Oceanic Linguistics 28(1):1-45.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Austronesian linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

Adelaar presents some evidence for lexical borrowing from Malay and Javanese into Malagasy. This, he then discusses in terms of the cultural, historical and linguistic aspects implied and deductible from such borrowing. He reinterprets evidence presented by Dahl and others, whence his conclusion that the migration to Madagascar dates from the seventh century and may have been after they learnt about the existence of Madagascar at Srivijaya, an ancient kingdom (between 7 and 13 AD), situated in South Sumatra. Also, it is a possibility that the Indian influence and authentic Indonesian aspects of Malagasy culture can be understood in terms of a socially stratified group that came to Madagascar, as mentioned by Paul Ottino (1986).

adelaarkarlalexander 1991aAdelaar, Karl Alexander. 1991a. New ideas on the early history of Malagasy. In Papers in Austronesian linguistics no. 1. Pacific linguistics. Series A: Occasional papers 81, 1-22, edited by H. Steinhauer. Canberra: Australian National University, Dept of Linguistics: Research School of Pacific Studies.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Austronesian linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

Adelaar critically evaluates the work of Pierre Simon and Waruno Mahdi on the linguistic history of Malagasy. Both authors were published in 1988. He then presents a new hypothesis regarding the sociohistorical conditions under which the Malagasy language and people developed. The emphasis is once again on the Malay influence on Malagasy.

adelaarkarlalexander 1991bAdelaar, Karl Alexander. 1991b. Nouvelles découvertes sur les origines malgaches. Notes à propos d'une conférence faite à l'INALCO à l'initiative du CEROI. In Navigations. Etudes Océan Indien 13, 155-160, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Diachronic linguistics,

Linguistics,

History,

adelaarkarlalexander 1994aAdelaar, Karl Alexander. 1994a. Asian roots of the Malagasy. Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde 150:325-356.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Austronesian linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

adelaarkarlalexander 1994bAdelaar, Karl Alexander. 1994b. Malay and Javanese loanwords in Malagasy, Tagalog and Siraya (formosa). Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde 150:50-65.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Austronesian linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

adelaarkarlalexander 1995aAdelaar, Karl Alexander. 1995a. L'importance du samihim (Bornéo du sud) pour l'étymologie malgache. In L'étranger intime. Mélanges offerts à Paul Ottino, 47-59, edited by Bernard Champion. St. Denis: Université de la Réunion, Océan Éditions.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Diachronic linguistics,

Linguistics,

Austronesian linguistics,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

adelaarkarlalexander 1995bAdelaar, Karl Alexander. 1995b. Une perspective linguistique sur les origines asiatiques des malgaches. In Cultures of Madagascar: Ebb and flow of influences. Working papers series 2, 39-46, edited by Sandra Evers, and Marc Spindler. Leiden: International Institute for Asian Studies.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Austronesian linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

adelaarkarlalexander 1996Adelaar, Karl Alexander. 1996. Malagasy culture-history: some linguistic evidence. In The proceedings of the conference on The Indian Ocean in Antiquity, 487-500, edited by Julian E. Reade. London: Kegan Paul.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Diachronic linguistics,

Linguistics,

Austronesian linguistics,

History,

Austronesian,

ahmedmoussasaid 1992Ahmed, Moussa Said. 1992. Les clans ou hinya fondateurs de cités aux Comores. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 33-36:101-114.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Comores, Comorien,

Indian Ocean region,

Madagascar,

History,

alainjeanpaul 1993Alain, Jean-Paul. 1993. La religion des Sakalava, une étude du Pasteur Rajoharivelo, publiée dans la revue Fiainana (1931-1937). In Religions. Etudes Océan Indien 16, 125-143, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Religion,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Sakalava,

Western,

Jean-Paul Alain discusses in this article the contribution to ethnological knowledge made by Rajoharivelo, a Lutheran pastor who worked among the Sakalava around Belo-sur-Tsiribihina towards the end of the twenties. He extensively documented his discoveries concerning Sakalava culture. Apart from direct observation, by attending different religious ceremonies at the 'hazomanga' and the phenomena of the 'tromba' and the 'bilo', Rajoharivelo also questioned particularly the elders concerning the origin and meaning of the different observances. His work was published in the revue Fiainana between 1931 and 1937. His contribution has value for ethnology as well as for historians of religion.
Alain further includes the original Malagasy text of part of Rajoharivelo's work, with a French translation thereof.
The part quoted contains information on particularly the 'hazomanga' (the sacrificial post).

Selected quotes:

• Rabesihanaka serait le premier évangéliste malgache, élu par ses pairs, à partir annoncer l'évangile hors des frontières de l'Imerina (126).
• 'Hazomanga' veut dire dans un premier sens l'autel des idoles mais il se traduit par 'bois sacré' ou 'bois sacralisé', ou encore lieu réservé pour apporter les offrandes aux ancêtres et aux idoles et à dieu, faits de bois de 'katrafay' ou d'un (autre) bois dur, le sommet taillé en pointe, ils vont par deux, plantés en ligne dans le sol. Ils mesurent à peu près un mètre ou un mètre et demi de haut; c'est à l'est de la maison du 'mpitana hazomanga' qu'ils sont plantés, et on y suspend la gorge du bouf (sacrifié) et on les enduit de sang (131).
• Dans un deuxième sens 'hazomanga' signifie : la personne qui fait le service au pied du 'hazomanga', ou la personne consacrée pour faire le sacrifice; (137).

alexandrepierre 1968Alexandre, Pierre. 1968. Some linguistic problems of nation-building in Negro Africa. In Language problems of developing nations, 119-127, edited by Joshua A. Fishman, Jyotirindra Das Gupta, and Charles A. Ferguson. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Language planning,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

allibertclaude&verinpierre 1993Allibert, Claude, and Pierre Vérin. 1993. Linguistique, archéologie et l'exploration du passé malgache. In Language. A doorway between human cultures, 29-38, edited by Øyvind Dahl. Oslo: Novus Forlag.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

allibertclaude 1984Allibert, Claude. 1984. Mayotte. Plaque tournante et microcosme de l'océan Indien occidental. Son histoire avant 1841. Paris: Editions Anthropos.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Comores, Comorien,

Indian Ocean region,

Madagascar,

History,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Kibushi (Shibushi),

Other,

Antalaotra,

North-western,

allibertclaude 1992aAllibert, Claude. 1992a. Cités-etats et têtes de pont dans l'archipel des Comores. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 33-36:115-131.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Comores, Comorien,

Indian Ocean region,

Madagascar,

History,

allibertclaude 1992bAllibert, Claude. 1992b. L'île des femmes dans les récits Arabes. In Le scribe et la grande maison. Etudes Océan Indien 15, 261-267, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Sociolinguistics,

Linguistics,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

allibertclaude 1993Allibert, Claude. 1993. Accouplements rituels ou fantasmes zoophiles? In Religions. Etudes Océan Indien 16, 171-179, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Wakwak,

Other,

Malagasy,

allibertclaude 1995Allibert, Claude. 1995. Les Hollandais et Madagascar. In Cultures of Madagascar: Ebb and flow of influences. Working papers series 2, 87-100, edited by Sandra Evers, and Marc Spindler. Leiden: International Institute for Asian Studies.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

ammonulrich&dittmarnorbert&mattheierklausj 1988bAmmon, Ulrich, Norbert Dittmar, and Klaus J. Mattheier. 1988b. History of sociolinguistics as a discipline. In An international handbook of the science of language and society 1-2, 379-469, edited by Ulrich Ammon, Norbert Dittmar, and Klaus J. Mattheier. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Sociolinguistics,

Linguistics,

History,

andersonbenedict 1991Anderson, Benedict. 1991. Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. London: Verso.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Sociolinguistics,

Linguistics,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

andrianaivoarivonyrafolo 1985Andrianaivoarivony, Rafolo. 1985. Reflections sur la présence Tsimihety dans la région de Mananara Avaratra et de Maroantsetra. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 21-22:61-78.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Tsimihety,

Northern,

andrianirinarivofq&mandihitsycyprien&odona&paesc&paesmc&velonandro 1989Andrianirinarivo, F. Q., Cyprien Mandihitsy, A. Odon, C. Paes, M.-C. Paes, and Velonandro. 1989. Tsimamanga et autres contes malgaches en dialecte Masikoro. Angano Malagasy. Antananarivo: Centre Foi et Justice.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Masikoro,

South-western,

anonymous ndAnonymous. n.d. Des droits coutumiers oraux "Bara". Province et préfecture de Tuléar. Sous-préfecture de Tuléar. Arrondissement administratif de Sakaraha.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Ethnography,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Bara,

Southern,

anonymous ndAnonymous. n.d. Histoire de l'action militaire dans le sud de Madagascar (1897-1906).

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

South-western,

Southern,

anonymous 1898bAnonymous. 1898b. Renseignements économiques et commerciaux. Journal officiel de Madagascar et dépendances 15(306):2471-2472.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Bara,

Southern,

anonymous 1901aAnonymous. 1901a. Ny dian'ny gouverneur général. Vaovao frantsay-malagasy 5(248):994.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

anonymous 1901bAnonymous. 1901b. Ranavalona I (1828-1861). L'Iraka 89:718-720.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Merina,

Central,

anonymous 1901cAnonymous. 1901c. Tantara nampitondrain'olona avy any amin'ny Bara. Vaovao frantsay-malagasy 5(237):950.

language(s):

Malagasy

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Bara,

Southern,

anonymous 1934Anonymous. 1934. Soavololonapanga (conte Bara recueilli par l'instituteur de Ranohira). La Revue de Madagascar 7:61-64.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Bara,

Southern,

anonymous 1956Anonymous. 1956. Contribution à l'histoire. La grotte des Portugais. District d'lhosy. Bulletin de Madagascar 122:634-635.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Bara,

Southern,

anonymous 1984Anonymous. 1984. Tongotra aman-tanana. Lakroan'i Madagasikara 57:2371-2372.

language(s):

Malagasy

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Ethnography,

Anthropology and ethnology,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

anonymous 1988Anonymous. 1988. Pastorale et religion traditionnelle africaine. La Documentation catholique 5 June:566-567.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Missiology,

Religion,

History,

anonymous 1989Anonymous. 1989. La foi et l'inculturation. La Documentation catholique 19 March:281-289.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Missiology,

Religion,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

anonymous 1992Anonymous. 1992. Book review: Les Swahili entre Afrique et Arabie, eds Françoise le Guennec-Coppens et Pat Caplan, Karthala, Paris and CREDU, Nairobi, 1991, 214pp. Azania 27:137-138.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Swahili,

Indian Ocean region,

Madagascar,

History,

anonymous 1994 2005Anonymous. 1994 [2005]. Handlist to the London Missionary Society. Council for World Mission archive collection 1764-1940. London: CWM/LMS.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Missiology,

Religion,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

archerrobert 1976Archer, Robert. 1976. Madagascar depuis 1972. La marche d'une révolution. Paris: L'Harmattan.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

aubertjeanmarie 1984Aubert, Jean-Marie. 1984. Inculturation de l'eglise Catholique dans le nord de Madagascar. PhD dissertation. Université de Paris-Sorbonne.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Missiology,

Religion,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Sakalava,

Western,

Tankarana (Antankarana, Tekarana, Antekarana),

Northern,

aubertjeanmarie 1986Aubert, Jean-Marie. 1986. L'inculturation de l'eglise Catholique dans le nord de Madagascar. Recherches et Documents 1:1-43.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Missiology,

Religion,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Sakalava,

Western,

Tankarana (Antankarana, Tekarana, Antekarana),

Northern,

audeoud 1902Audeoud. 1902. La pacification de Madagascar. Territoire Sakalava (1901-1902). La Revue de Madagascar 1:481-506.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Sakalava,

Western,

augemarc 1982Augé, Marc. 1982. Génie du paganisme. Bibliothèque des sciences humaines. Paris: Gallimard.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Religion,

History,

autk 1983Au, T. K. 1983. Chinese and English counterfactuals: The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis revisited. Cognition 15:155-187.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Sociolinguistics,

Linguistics,

History,

ayachesimon 1976Ayache, Simon. 1976. Raombana l'historien (1809-1855). Introduction à l'édition critique de son ouvre. Collection "Gasikarako". Fianarantsoa: Editions Ambozontany.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Merina,

Central,

This biography and detailed study of the Malagasy historian, Raombana, contemporary of Ranavalona I, and of his work; reveals some very interesting facts about the first half of the nineteenth century and all the complicated relationships of the time-internationally, nationally, and local-personally.

ayachesimon 1979Ayache, Simon. 1979. Beyond oral tradition and into written history: The work of Raombana (1809-1855). In Madagascar in history. Essays from the 1970's, edited by Raymond Kent. Albany, California: Foundation for Malagasy Studies.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Applied linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Ethnography,

Anthropology and ethnology,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Merina,

Central,

ayachesimon 1995Ayache, Simon. 1995. Pouvoir central et provinces sous la monarchie au XIXe siècle. Talily 2:41-66.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Merina,

Central,

This article, which was first published in 1981, is reprinted in Talily because the subject material remains so relevant. The author tries to establish a historical foundation for Malagasy unity by purposing to give an "objective" and "honest" account of the regional conflicts of the past, by describing differences and aspirations among the people as political wars among kingdoms (not tribal wars), and the Merina expansion of the nineteenth century as "political expansion from within," (not as "imperialism" by one "tribe" at the cost of others), seen as the Colonial view of history. While challenging certain prejudices, it seems that the author prefers to uphold his own in defence of the doctrine of or desire for an underlying unity among all Malagasy.

aymard 1907Aymard. 1907. Le pays Sakalava. Bulletin de la Société de Géographie de Toulouse 26:90-125.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Sakalava,

Western,

barbiercle 1921Barbier, C. le. 1921. Contes et légendes du pays des Bara (sud-ouest de madagascar). Revue d'ethnographie et des traditions populaires 2(6):119-137.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Ethnography,

Anthropology and ethnology,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Bara,

Southern,

barbiercle 1922Barbier, C. le. 1922. Notes sur le pays des Bara-Imamono (région d'ankazoabo). Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache n.s. 3:61-119.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Bara,

Southern,

barejeanfrancois 1973aBaré, Jean-François. 1973a. Conflits et résolutions des conflits dans les monarchies Sakalava du nord actuelles. Publication provisionnelle. Travaux et documents 12. Antananarivo: Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie de l'Université de Madagasar.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Northern Sakalava,

Sakalava,

Western,

barejeanfrancois 1973cBaré, Jean-François. 1973c. Successions politiques et légitimité. L'exemple Sakalava du nord (1700-1800). Asie du Sud-Est et Monde Insulindien 4(4):91-114.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Northern Sakalava,

Sakalava,

Western,

barejeanfrancois 1982Baré, Jean-François. 1982. Histoire et présent dans les monarchies Sakalava du nord actuelles. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 16:173-176.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Northern Sakalava,

Sakalava,

Western,

bassoellenb 1992Basso, Ellen B. 1992. Contextualization in Kalapalo narratives. In Rethinking context: Language as an interactive phenomenon, 253-269, edited by Alessandro Duranti, and Charles Goodwin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Sociolinguistics,

Linguistics,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

bassokeithh 1984Basso, Keith H. 1984. "Stalking with stories": Names, places, and moral narratives among the western Apache. In Text, play and story, 19-55, edited by Edward M. Bruner. Washington, DC: AES.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Sociolinguistics,

Linguistics,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

bastardej 1898aBastard, E.-J. 1898a. De la baie de Saint-Augustin à Midongy. Colonie de Madagascar. Notes, Reconnaissances, Explorations 1898:85-91.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Bara,

Southern,

bastardej 1898bBastard, E.-J. 1898b. Voyage chez les Sakalaves du sud-ouest et chez les Bares. In Compte rendu des seances de la Société de Géographie et de la commission centrale, 275-281, edited by Société de géographie et de la commission centrale. Paris.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Bara,

Southern,

South-western,

bastardej 1899Bastard, E.-J. 1899. Mission chez les Mahafaly. Colonie de Madagascar. Notes, Reconnaissances, Explorations 3(5):480.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Mahafale (Mahafaly),

Southern,

bastardej 19041905Bastard, E.-J. 1904-1905. Les mémoires d'un roi Bara. La Revue de Madagascar 6(11-12),7(3-4).

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Bara,

Southern,

bastardej 1907Bastard, E.-J. 1907. Inapaka. La Revue de Madagascar 9(6-7):269-281, 317-327.

language(s):

Malagasy

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Bara,

Southern,

bastiang 1967Bastian, G. 1967. Madagascar. Etude géographique et économique. Paris: Nathan.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

beaujardphilippe 1992aBeaujard, Philippe. 1992a. Islamisés et systèmes royaux dans le sud-est de Madagascar : les examples antemoro et tañala. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 33-36:235-286.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Temoro (Antemoro, Antaimoro),

Eastern,

Tanala (Antanala),

beaujardphilippe 1995Beaujard, Philippe. 1995. La violence dans les sociétés du sud-est de Madagascar. Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines 35:563-598.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Tanala (Antanala),

Eastern,

South-eastern,

This article addresses certain characteristics of Tanala society, specifically the Tanala d'Ikongo and also touches on the Antemoro. It deals with recent changes in the Tanala society.

bellwoodpeter&foxjamesj&tryondarrell 1995Bellwood, Peter, James J. Fox, and Darrell Tryon. 1995. The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives. Canberra: Australian National University, Dept of Anthropology.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Austronesian linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

This is an excellent source for gaining an overview of Austronesian history, language and culture. The subtitle indicates that it deals with "Historical & Comparative Perspectives." On Madagascar, K.A. Adelaar's contribution deserves mention (77-82). Adelaar discusses Dahl's contribution to the understanding of the origins of the Malagasy language and then continues to mention some of his own findings. Tom Dutton (194-196) gives a good summary of the effects of language contact, in general.

Selected quotes:

• Dahl (1951, 1977) showed that Malagasy, the Austronesian language spoken as a number of dialects by almost all inhabitants of Madagascar, belongs to the Southeast Barito subgroup, the other members of which (Maanyan, Samihim, Dusun Malang, Dusun Witu, Dusun Deyah and Paku) are spoken in the southeastern part of Borneo. Dahl observed that Malagasy has a relatively small number of Sanskrit loanwords in comparison to the large numbers in some Indonesian languages. According to him, this indicated that the East Barito migrants to Madagascar must have left their homeland only just after Indian influence had begun to affect the Indonesian languages and cultures. Considering the fact that Indian linguistic influence in Indonesia can be traced to a date as far back as the fifth century AD, Dahl concluded that the migration must have taken place at this time or slightly after. He does not explicitly consider the possibility of influence from other Austronesian languages.
  The first extensive studies of such influence (Adelaar 1989, 1991a and in press) show that there are many Malay loanwords in Malagasy, and that there are also a number of loanwords from Javanese. Malay and Javanese were also the vehicular languages for the Sanskrit vocabulary in Malagasy. Thus, none of the Sanskrit loanwords support the assumption of direct Indian influence on the Malagasy language. This has an important consequence for Dahl's date of the migration to Madagascar: as all Sanskrit influence in Malagasy was channelled through Malay and Javanese, we should postdate the migration to the first Malay and Javanese influence on Malagasy, although it is likely that it happened at least two centuries later than the fifth century AD. The borrowed material also gives us information on the nature of the influence of Malays and Javanese on the migrating East Barito speakers, influence that must have begun some time before the migration, and that must have lasted until a considerable time afterwards.
  Generally speaking, the Malay and Javanese loanwords belong to all sorts of semantic domains. But Malay loanwords are particularly well represented in the domain of maritime life and navigation (.). Loanwords are also often found in the domain of plant names and in metallurgic terminology (.).
  Higher numerals and calendrical terms are originally Malay and/or Javanese adaptations of Sanskrit terms. Sanskrit loanwords came into Malagasy via Malay or Javanese, as their shape or meaning often betray (.).
  That these terms were borrowed via Malay and Javanese is supported by the fact that, of all Sanskrit loanwords in Malagasy (at least 35 in total), there is only one word that is not also found in Malay or Javanese.
  A large part of the vocabulary for body-parts in Malagasy was originally Malay or Javanese (.).
  The Malagasy have a pre-colonial writing system, which is an adapted form of the Arabic script. The writing system is called Sorabe, which derives from soratra 'writing' and be 'big'. The name Sorabe and some of the adaptations in its system indicate that the concept of writing, and possibly also the the actual writing system of the Malagasy, were introduced by Southeast Asians, and probably Javanese (.).
  (If the Malagasy did learn the Arabic script from the Javanese) this probably happened during continued contacts after the period of migration. There is some lexical evidence that the Malagasy were still in contact with Malays or Javanese after the latter came under the influence of Islam (.).
  An important question now is how to interpret the linguistic data, and how to integrate them in a theory which also takes into account archeological, historical and anthropological findings. The problem is that the linguistic data do not seem to correlate with data from these other disciplines, and as a consequence some non-linguists are reluctant to accept the linguistic evidence. Quite apart from the fact that there is considerable regional diversity in the cultures of Madagascar themselves, many manifestations of Malagasy spiritual and material culture cannot unequivocally be linked up with the spiritual and material culture of the Dayaks of the Southeast Barito area. Some of the Malagasy are wet rice cultivators, while the Dayaks are as a rule dry rice cultivators. Some Malagasy use outrigger canoes, whereas Southeast Barito Dayaks never do. The Malagasy migration to East Africa presupposes navigational skills which are found with some Indonesian peoples, but which can hardly be attributed to Dayaks, who, as we know them today, are as a rule forest dwellers. Some of the Malagasy musical instruments are allegedly very similar to musical instruments found in Sulawesi, and Malagasy funeral cults are reminiscent of the Toraja funeral cults (.) (77-82).

belrosehuyghuesvincent 1979Belrose-Huyghues, Vincent. 1979. Historique de la pénétration Protestante à Madagascar jusqu'en 1827. Thèse de 3e cycle. PhD dissertation. Université de Paris 1.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Missiology,

Religion,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

bemananjarazefaniasyrafaralahy 1979aBemananjara, Zefaniasy Rafaralahy. 1979a. Contes malgaches. Fleuve et flamme. Paris: Conseil international de la langue francaise.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

benevent 1897Benevent. 1897. Etude sur le Bouéni, II. Colonie de Madagascar. Notes, Reconnaissances, Explorations 2:49-77.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Sakalava,

Western,

benevent 1907Benevent. 1907. Notes sur les Kimosy. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache 4:83-85.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Kimosy,

Southern,

benolofrancois 1996Benolo, François. 1996. La foi d'un gentil ou l'inculturation nature. Collection ISTA. Ambatoroka, Antananarivo: Institut Supérieur de Théologie et de Philosophie de Madagascar.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Religion,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Tandroy (Antandroy, Ntandroy),

Southern,

Père Benolo's personal testimony-autobiographical.

benolofrancois 2001Benolo, François. 2001. Sambatra aho fa Kristianina. Antananarivo: Edisiona Md Paoly.

language(s):

Malagasy

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Religion,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Tandroy (Antandroy, Ntandroy),

Southern,

bensche 1899Bensch, E. 1899. De Tuléar à Fianarantsoa. Du 1er au 21 decembre 1899. Colonie de Madagascar. Notes, Reconnaissances, Explorations 1899:529-538.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Southern,

berggeraldm 1977Berg, Gerald M. 1977. The myth of racial strife and Merina kinglists: The transformation of texts. History in Africa 4:1-29.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Merina,

Central,

The author warns against the European bias in early written histories of Merina history and points out inconsistencies among documents rendering the oral histories in a Europeanised form, in line with the scientific and missionary models of the time. Others perpetuated these documents by quoting from them.

berggeraldm 1986Berg, Gerald M. 1986. Royal authority and the protector system in nineteenth-century Imerina. In Madagascar: Society and history 38, 175-192, edited by Conrad Phillip Kottak, Jean-Aimé Rakotoarisoa, Aidan Southall, and Pierre Vérin. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Merina,

Central,

bernardalain 1978Bernard, Alain. 1978. Essai sur la transition de la société Mahafaly vers les rapports marchands. Travaux et documents de l'Orstom 90. Paris: Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Tañalaña,

South-western,

Tandroy (Antandroy, Ntandroy),

Southern,

Mahafale (Mahafaly),

Karimbola (Karembola),

Selected quotes:

• (.)'une langue mahafaly qui n'existe pas (.) (360). [Contradicts himself-e.g. p. 8]

berthierh 1906Berthier, H. 1906. Fragments du folklore des Bara. La Revue de Madagascar 8(12):1062-1066.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Bara,

Southern,

bianquisjean 1907Bianquis, Jean. 1907. L'ouvre des missions protestantes à Madagascar. Paris: Missions Evangéliques.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Missiology,

Religion,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

birkelye 1924Birkely, E. 1924. Folkore Sakalava recueilli dans la région de Morondava. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache 6:185-395.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Sakalava,

Western,

birkelye 1936Birkely, E. 1936. Les Vazimba de la côte ouest de Madagascar. Mémoires de l'Académie malgache 22. Antananarivo: Imprimerie Officielle de la Colonie.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Vazimba,

Western,

Beosy,

Mikea,

South-western,

Interesting statements regarding the language of Vazimba, Behosy, Mikea.

Selected quotes:

• je fus frappé du soin que mettaient les malgaches à se rappeler leurs groupes funitiaux et leurs clans. On le remarque surtout dans les taboos concernant les mariages qui tous, ou presque, étaient exogamiques. Mais le phénomène se présente aussi dans la vie courante. Mon attention fut attirée par l'importance de la forme des entailles, faites aux oreilles des boufs, et qui servent à distinguer les clans et les habitations. Cétait là un document de première ordre pour apporter un peu de clarté dans l'ethnologie de la Côte Ouest. On désignait alors tous les habitants sous le nom de "Sakalaves" et on se livrait aux hypothèses les plus fantaisistes sur l'origine de leur nom.
  (.)je tombai, en 1914, sur les Vazimba de la Tsiribihina(.) des mots et des sons complètement nouveaux, une langue tout à fait différente du malgache!
  En tout état de cause, et malgré l'insuffisance des matériaux, il était clair que l'on avait à faire à un groupe bien défini, nettement différent de ceux qui peuplent la côte ouest, tant au point de vue religieux, qu'ethnique et philologique (7).
• dahalo (homme de forêt) (11).
• Si l'on se fonde sur les marques faites aux oreilles des boufs, ces populations se répartissent en plusieurs groupes don't chacun a son histoire.
  Il y a eu une forte émigration, allant du nord au sud, et composée de pêcheurs et de marins. Ces nouveaux-venus se sont mélangés avec une autre population plus ancienne: les Mikea, les Antanandro et les Vazimba.
  En deux autres grandes invasions, une race plus puissante venant du Sud et de l'Est, sous la conduite des deux dynasties des Maroserana et des Andrivola, a conquis toute la côte ouest, de Tulear à Majunga. Ces conquérants étaient suivis de beaucoup d'autres tribus qui leur étaient soumises.
  Les Antanandro étaient des gens civilisés venant de l'intérieur. Ils ensevilissaient leurs morts dans des cavernes ou des caveaux de pierres, ils savaient tisser, ornaient leurs maisons, et cultivaient le riz. Ils ont tout à fait disparu, se mélangeant aux autres tribus (12).
• Ces Mkea étaient stationnaires: il n'y a pas trace de migration de leur part, ni vers le nord, ni vers le sud. Ils sont sauvages, fuient la société, n'ont aucune organisation sociale. Ils étaient chasseurs et peuvent se rattacher au groupe désigné par les anglais comme "foodcollectors" (don't la seule raison de vivre est la recherche de leur nourriture.
  Les Vazimba de la région de lacs de la Tsiribihina, sont un peuple composite. Les uns viennent d'au-delà des mers, les autres de l'intérieur, d'autres sont issus du mélange avec les populations sédentaires, comme les Beosi. L'attention des savants devraient s'attacher, tant aux particularités ethnologiques qu'à la langue de ces populations primitives. Ces trois groupes-le fait est établi-ont parlé, et parlent encore une langue différente du malgache. Tous les Masikoro du sud, par exemple, voisins des Mikea, savent que ces derniers ont eu leur langue propre, qu'ils emploient encore, en partie, dans des circonstances spéciales.
  Drury rapporte lui-même que les Vazimba des bords de la Tsiribihina avaient une langue particulière. Quant aux Beosi, le vocabulaire, donné au chapitre III, fournit la preuve qu'ils ont une langue à eux.
  Ces débris de langues sont d'une importance capitale pour l'ethnologie primitive de Madagascar (13).

birkelyottoemil 1926Birkely, Otto Emil. 1926. Marques de boufs et traditions de race : Document sur l'ethnologie de la côte occidentale de Madagascar. Bulletin: Etnografisk Museum 2.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Western,

South-western,

blanchysophie 1993Blanchy, Sophie. 1993. Philippe Beaujard: Mythe et société à Madagascar (Tañala de l'ikongo). Préface de Georges Condominas. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1991. 606p. In Religions. Etudes Océan Indien 16, 181-185, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Tanala (Antanala),

Eastern,

blochmauriceef 1971aBloch, Maurice E. F. 1971a. Placing the dead. Tombs, ancestral villages, and kinship organization in Madagascar. Studies in anthropology. London: Seminar Press.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Merina,

Central,

blochmauriceef 1975aBloch, Maurice E. F. 1975a. Introduction. In Political language and oratory in traditional society, 1-28, edited by Maurice E. F. Bloch. London: Academic Press.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Ethnography,

Anthropology and ethnology,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

blochmauriceef 1975bBloch, Maurice E. F. (ed.) 1975b. Political language and oratory in traditional society. London: Academic Press.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Ethnography,

Anthropology and ethnology,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Merina,

Central,

blochmauriceef 1985Bloch, Maurice E. F. 1985. Questions historiques concernant la parenté sur la côte est. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 21-22:49-56.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Southern Betsimisaraka (Antatsimo, Tatsimo),

Betsimisaraka,

Eastern,

Northern Betsimisaraka (Antavaratra, Tavaratra),

Selected quotes:

• Le peu que nous savons suffit en effet pour montrer clairement que la région dite Betsimisaraka est extrèmement diverse et que certaines populations betsimisaraka sont plus proches des populations non-betsimisaraka que d'autres égalements dénommées Betsimisaraka. Il ne peut en être autrement si nous nous rappelons que le terme Betsimisaraka se réfère non à une unité culturelle mais à une ligue politique temporaire du 18e siècle (50-1).

blochmauriceef 1986aBloch, Maurice E. F. 1986a. From blessing to violence. History and ideology in the circumcision ritual of the Merina of Madagascar. Cambridge studies in social anthropology 61. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Merina,

Central,

Some very good insights to be had from this work by an author who knows the Merina people well, but particularly concerns the circumcision ritual.

blochmauriceef 1989Bloch, Maurice E. F. 1989. Ritual, history and power: Selected papers in anthropology. London school of economics. Monographs on social anthropology 58. London: Athlone Press.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Merina,

Central,

boin&mouveaux 1897Boin, and Mouveaux. 1897. Les Bara et les Tanalas des districts d'Ivohibe et d'Ihosy. Colonie de Madagascar. Notes, Reconnaissances, Explorations 1897:446-456.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Bara,

Southern,

Tanala (Antanala),

Eastern,

boisdelavillerabeladu 1899Bois De La Villerabel, A. du. 1899. Etude sur le secteur des Bara Imamono. Colonie de Madagascar. Notes, Reconnaissances, Explorations 1899:523-528.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Imamono,

Bara,

Southern,

boisdelavillerabeladu 1900Bois De La Villerabel, A. du. 1900. La tradition chez les Baras. Colonie de Madagascar. Notes, Reconnaissances, Explorations 6(29):263-273.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Bara,

Southern,

Captain du Bois De La Villerabel transcribes here a history of the Bara, according to Impoinimerina, mpanjaka (king of the) Bara Imamono. Impoinimerina's account explains the settlements of different Bara groups, the wars they were involved in, and culminates in some self-glorification, probably overrating his role, position, and history. De La Villerabel ends his transcription with a significant statement, namely that in spite of it being the account of senseless and endless intestinal fighting among the Bara people, it is worth recording, "if only to better show up the work of civilisation that they (the French) had undertaken."

Selected quotes:

• Comme on le voit par ce rapide exposé, sa tradition ne nous révèle guère qu'une longue suite de guerres intestines sans but élevé, et dont le butin est toute la gloire; telle qu'elle est, elle mérite toutefois d'être enregistrée, ne serait-ce que pour mieux faire ressortir l'ouvre de civilisation que nous avons entreprise (273).

boiteaup 1958Boiteau, P. 1958. Madagascar, contribution à l'histoire de la nation malgache. Paris: Editions Sociales.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

boudouadrien 1940Boudou, Adrien. 1940. Les Jésuites à Madagascar au xixe siècle. 2 Vol. Paris: Beauchesne.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Missiology,

Religion,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

bouliniergeorges 1985Boulinier, Georges. 1985. L'archipel des Comores. Hérodote 37-38:201-209.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Comores, Comorien,

Indian Ocean region,

Madagascar,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

bourgeoncommandant 1955Bourgeon, Commandant. 1955. Souvenirs d'un soldat français. Paris: Librairie Française.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

brandstetterrenward 1893Brandstetter, Renward. 1893. Die Beziehungen des Malagasy zum Malaiischen. The Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine 18:155.

language(s):

German

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Austronesian linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

brightwilliam 1893Bright, William. 1893. Tantaran'ny Eklesia Anglikana fahiny (A. D. 597-709). Nadikany Arnold Melvill Hewlett. Antananarivo: Misiona Anglikana.

language(s):

Malagasy

topic(s):

Missiology,

Religion,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

brittonbrucek&pellegriniad 1990Britton, Bruce K., and A. D. Pellegrini (eds.) 1990. Narrative thought and narrative language. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Ethnography,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Research,

Linguistics,

History,

brownduncan 1995Brown, Duncan. 1995. The society of the texrt: The oral literature of the /Xam bushmen. Critical Arts 9(2):76-109.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Ethnography,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Linguistics,

History,

brownmervyn 1978Brown, Mervyn. 1978. Madagascar rediscovered. A History from early times to independence. London: Damien Tunnacliffe.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

The author succeeds in producing an attractive account of Malagasy history; touching on geography, fauna and flora, describing different theories on the population of Madagascar and then treating the different phases in historical development until independence in 1960.

brownmervyn 1995Brown, Mervyn. 1995. A history of Madagascar. London: Tunnacliffe.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

bruneredwardm 1984Bruner, Edward M. (ed.) 1984. Text, play and story. Washington, DC: AES.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Applied linguistics,

Linguistics,

Ethnography,

Anthropology and ethnology,

History,

brunotf 1930Brunot, F. 1930. Histoire de langue française des origines à nos jours. Paris: Armand Colin.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Diachronic linguistics,

Linguistics,

History,

buchsenschutzp 1938Buchsenschutz, P. 1938. La mission Luthérienne à Madagascar. Antananarivo: Imprimerie de la Mission Norvégienne.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Missiology,

Religion,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

Two parts to this well-written history: A: Avant la conquête (before the colonial conquest), 1867-1895 B: Après la conquête (after the colonial conquest), 1895-1937.
It is important to understand the history of the Lutheran mission to Madagascar if one wants to obtain an over-all picture of the history concerning Christianity. The author deals with relations with Government, Catholics, different "kings" and issues of language.

buehlmannw 1983Bühlmann, W. 1983. Questions à propos du mariage et de la famille en Afrique. Familiaris Consortio apporte-t-elle une réponse? Telema 9(34):63-78.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Social sciences - other,

Religion,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

burgessandrew 1932Burgess, Andrew. 1932. Zanahary in south Madagascar. Minneapolis: Board of Foreign Missions.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Religion,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Tanosy (Antanosy),

South-eastern,

Tandroy (Antandroy, Ntandroy),

Southern,

Bara,

calletfrancois 18711883Callet, François. 1871-1883. Tantaran'ny andriana eto Madagascar. 5 vols. Antananarivo: Presy Katolika.

language(s):

Malagasy

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Merina,

Central,

calletfrancois 19531978Callet, François. 1953-1978. Histoire des rois. 5 vols. Traduction de "Tantaran'ny andriana eto Madagascar" par G.S. Chapus et E. Ratsimba. Antananarivo: Académie Malgache.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

calvetlouisjean 1974Calvet, Louis-Jean. 1974. Linguistique et colonialisme: Petit trait de glottophagie. Paris: Payot.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Sociolinguistics,

Linguistics,

Social sciences - other,

History,

campbellgwyn 1992Campbell, Gwyn. 1992. The history of nineteenth century Madagascar: 'Le royaume' or 'l'empire'. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 33-36:331-379.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Merina,

Central,

In this paper, the revisionist tendency in recording Malagasy history is set aside while the author looks at the evidence of history and concludes that in order to comprehend pre-colonial times in Madagascar, researchers should reject the concept of 'royaume' and replace it with the concept of 'empire'. The arguments raised are plausible if one is able to leave behind the post-colonial reactionary mindset and look at history for itself, with no other agenda but researching what can be known.

catatl 1895Catat, L. 1895. Voyage à Madagascar (1889-1890). Paris: Lib. Hachette et Cie.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

celliera 1971Cellier, A. 1971. Notes sur les populations de la rive droite du bas-Mangoky en 1906. Taloha 4:99-109.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Vezo,

Western,

Sakalava,

Makoa,

Bara,

Southern,

Betsileo,

Central,

Tesaka (Antesaka, Antaisaka),

Eastern,

Tanala (Antanala),

Captain Cellier gives in this article a summary of his reports to the authorities during the years 1904-1906. He gives a detailed description of the geographic area he deals with, as well as some interesting information on the origins of the people living to the right of the Bas-Mangoky, how they came to be there, according to oral history, and an analysis of why they stayed.

centrefoietjustice 1989Centre Foi et Justice (ed.) 1989. Jean-Paul II à Madagascar. Joany Paoly II teto Madagasikara (28 Avril-1er Mai 1989). Edition complète des discours et documents bilingues. Enseignement social de l'eglise. Antananarivo: Centre Foi et Justice.

language(s):

French, Malagasy

topic(s):

Missiology,

Religion,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

centrefoietjustice 1995Centre Foi et Justice (ed.) 1995. Ny fiangonana eo amin'ny fiaraha-monina eto Madagasikara. Eglise et société à Madagascar. Textes bilingues des évêques de Madagascar. 4 Vol. Enseignement social de l'eglise. Antananarivo: Centre Foi et Justice.

language(s):

French, Malagasy

topic(s):

Missiology,

Religion,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

chamlamarieclaude 1958Chamla, Marie-Claude. 1958. Recherches anthropologiques sur l'origine des malgaches. Mémoires du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris: Editions du Muséum.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

championbernard 1995Champion, Bernard (ed.) 1995. L'étranger intime. Mélanges offerts à Paul Ottino. Madagascar - Tahiti - Insulinde - Monde swahili - Comores - Réunion. Saint-André, La Réunion: Université de la Réunion, Océan Éditions.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Ethnography,

Anthropology and ethnology,

History,

chanudetclaude 1986Chanudet, Claude. 1986. Les styles de céramiques locales de la période classique de Mohéli (xive-xixe siècle). Taloha 10:183-191.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Comores, Comorien,

Indian Ocean region,

Madagascar,

History,

chapusgeorgessully&dandouauandre 1961Chapus, Georges-Sully, and André Dandouau. 1961. Manuel d'histoire de Madagascar à l'usage des écoles de la république. Paris: Ed. Larose.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

chapusgeorgessully 1925Chapus, Georges-Sully. 1925. Quatre-vingts années d'influences Européennes en Imerina. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache n.s. 8.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Merina,

Central,

charlesclementseverin 1985Charles, Clément Séverin. 1985. Les Mahafale de l'Onilahy: Des clans au royaume, du xvie siècle à la conquête coloniale. Thèse. Paris: Université de Paris 1.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Mahafale (Mahafaly),

Southern,

charlesclementseverin 1995Charles, Clément Séverin. 1995. Les Tanala de la rive droite de l'Onilahy et du bas-Mangoky. Talily 1:108-109.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Tañalaña,

South-western,

chazangilligsuzanne 1983Chazan-Gillig, Suzanne. 1983. Le fitampoha de 1968 ou l'efficacité du mythe de la royauté Sakalava dans l'actualité politique et économique malgache. In Les souverains de Madagascar. Collection "hommes et sociétés", 451-476, edited by Françoise Raison-Jourde. Paris: Editions Karthala.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Sakalava,

Western,

Menabe,

chazangilligsuzanne 1991Chazan-Gillig, Suzanne. 1991. La société sakalave. Le Menabe dans la construction nationale malgache. Paris: Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Sakalava,

Western,

Menabe,

chenub 1987Chenu, B. 1987. Théologies chrétiennes des tiers mondes. Latino-américaine, noire américaine, noire sud-africaine, africaine, asiatique. Paris: Le Centurion.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Missiology,

Religion,

History,

chevalierl 1952Chevalier, L. 1952. Madagascar, populations et ressources. Travaux et documents 51. Paris: INED-PUF.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

chittickhneville 1966Chittick, H. Neville. 1966. Taloha I. Publication hors série consacrée à l'archéologie des annales de l'université de Madagascar. 1965. Azania 1:174-175.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

clarkhe 1887Clark, H. E. 1887. Tantaran'ny Fiangonana eto Madagasikara hatrany ny niandohany ka hatrany ny taona 1887. Antananarivo: FFMA.

language(s):

Malagasy

topic(s):

Missiology,

Religion,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

clignetremi&ernstbernard 1995Clignet, Rémi, and Bernard Ernst. 1995. L'école à Madagascar: Evaluation de la qualité de l'enseignement primaire public. Paris: Editions Karthala.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Language planning,

Linguistics,

Dialectology,

Malagasy language,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

Excellent study which contains a discussion of language in Malagasy education that is very relevant to our study.

colbybenjaminn 1973Colby, Benjamin N. 1973. A partial grammar of Eskimo folktales. American Anthropologist 75:645-662.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Sociolinguistics,

Linguistics,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

colejennifer 1997Cole, Jennifer. 1997. Sacrifice, narratives and experience in east Madagascar. Journal of Religion in Africa 27(4):401-425.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Ethnography,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Research,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Eastern,

colombigiovanniluigi 1994Colombi, Giovanni Luigi. 1994. Une evangélisation dans le diocèse d'ihosy à Madagascar (1971-1992). itinéraires Théologico-pastoraux. Thèse de licence en missiologie. PhD dissertation. Université Pontificale Urbanienne.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Missiology,

Religion,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Bara,

Southern,

A study of the socio-cultural world of the Bara, explaining the particular challenge they present, due to their profound religiosity, in the sense that Christianity could be perceived as nothing more than a foreign religion, threatening their existence, instead of as bearer of the very truth they need. Père Colombi shows that the Bara sacrificial rites constitute a natural contact point.

condominasgeorges 1960Condominas, Georges. 1960. Fokon'olona et collectivités rurales en Imerina. Paris: Berger-Levrault.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Merina,

Central,

congregationdelamissionlazaristes 1996Congrégation de la mission (Lazaristes) (ed.) 1996. Le Christianisme dans le sud de Madagascar. Mélanges à l'occassion du centenaire de la reprise de l'évangélisation du sud de Madagascar par la congrégation de la mission (lazaristes) 1896-1996. Fianarantsoa: Editions Ambozontany.

language(s):

French, Malagasy

topic(s):

Missiology,

Religion,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Vezo,

Western,

Tanosy (Antanosy),

South-eastern,

Tandroy (Antandroy, Ntandroy),

Southern,

Mahafale (Mahafaly),

Karimbola (Karembola),

Bara,

Tesaka (Antesaka, Antaisaka),

Eastern,

Temoro (Antemoro, Antaimoro),

This work gives an up-to-date review of the history of Christianity in the South of Madagascar. One chapter that is particularly relevant to a study of the Tandroy was written by P. Benolo François, entitled: La religion traditionnelle chez les Ntandroy. He describes in detail the content and meaning of Tandroy traditional religion.
There is also a chapter on the history of the Lutheran missions in the South, from 1887 till 1950, written by Rev. James B. Vigen., and many other chapters relating to the history of the different Catholic congregations working in Madagascar.
In the chapter entitled Le Diocèse d'Ihosy, P. Colombi Giovanni Luigi, and P. Razafimamonjy Etienne Emmanuel briefly discuss the evangelisation of the Bara. Areas of Ibara are included in the diocese of Morombe on which P. Rabemanantsoa Benjamin wrote the chapter Le Diocèse de Morombe: les Lazaristes et la première évangélisation d'Ankazoabo-Sud.
The last chapter, entitled Bilan du Christianisme dans le Sud de Madagascar, by Mgr Rakotondravahatra, Jean-Guy, places the current state of Christianity in the South of Madagascar in a challenging context.

cousinswe&parrettj 1871Cousins, W. E., and J. Parrett. 1871. Ny ohabolan'ny Ntaolo. Antananarivo: London Missionary Society Press.

language(s):

Malagasy

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Ethnography,

Anthropology and ethnology,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Merina,

Central,

cowanwdeans 1881Cowan, W. Deans. 1881. The Bara land: A description of the country and people. Antananarivo: London Missionary Society Press.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Religion,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Bara,

Southern,

cowanwdeans 1884Cowan, W. Deans. 1884. The Tanala, country and people. Antananarivo: The Friend's Foreign Mission Association.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Religion,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Tanala (Antanala),

Eastern,

creidercheta 1975Creider, Chet A. 1975. The semantic system of noun classes in proto-Bantu. Anthropological Linguistics 17:127-138.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Diachronic linguistics,

Linguistics,

Applied linguistics,

History,

croninaj 1941Cronin, A. J. 1941. The keys of the kingdom. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Religion,

History,

crossephraim 1962Cross, Ephraim. 1962. Lexicostatistics has not yet attained the status of a science. In Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Linguistics, 480-489, edited by Horace G. Lunt. The Hague: Mouton & Co.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Sociolinguistics,

Linguistics,

Research,

History,

dahlelars 1877Dahle, Lars. 1877. Specimens of Malagasy folklore. Antananarivo: A. Kingdom.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Ethnography,

Anthropology and ethnology,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

dahlelars 1984 1877Dahle, Lars. 1984 (1877). Anganon'ny Ntaolo. Antananarivo: Trano Printy Loterana.

language(s):

Malagasy

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Ethnography,

Anthropology and ethnology,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

dahlottochr 1951Dahl, Otto Chr. 1951. Malgache et Maanjan. Une comparaison linguistique. Oslo: Egede Instituttet.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Austronesian linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

dahlottochr 1954Dahl, Otto Chr. 1954. Le substrat bantou en malgache. Norsk tidsskrift for sprogvidenskap 17:325-362.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

dahlottochr 1968Dahl, Otto Chr. 1968. Contes malgaches en dialecte Sakalava. Texte, traduction, grammaire et lexique. Oslo-Bergen-Tromsö: Universitetsforlaget.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Dialectology,

Linguistics,

Malagasy language,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Ethnography,

Anthropology and ethnology,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Sakalava,

Western,

dahlottochr 1971Dahl, Otto Chr. 1971. Un cockney parlant malgache vers 1710. Norsk tidsskrift for sprogvidenskap 24:83-153.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Tandroy (Antandroy, Ntandroy),

Southern,

Mahafale (Mahafaly),

dahlottochr 1977Dahl, Otto Chr. 1977. La subdivision de la famille Barito et la place du malgache. Acta Orientalia 38:77-134.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Austronesian linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

dahlottochr 1981Dahl, Otto Chr. 1981. Early phonetic and phonemic changes in Austronesian. Instituttet For sammenlignende kulturforskning. Serie B: Skrifter. Oslo: Norwegian University Press.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Diachronic linguistics,

Linguistics,

Austronesian linguistics,

History,

Austronesian,

dahlottochr 1983Dahl, Otto Chr. 1983. Sorabe révélant l'évolution du dialecte Antemoro. Antananarivo: Trano Printy Loterana.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Dialectology,

Linguistics,

Malagasy language,

Sociolinguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Temoro (Antemoro, Antaimoro),

Eastern,

dahlottochr 1984Dahl, Otto Chr. 1984. Mahomet dans le panthéon malgache. Bulletin des études africaines 4(7):21-30.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

dahlottochr 1988Dahl, Otto Chr. 1988. Bantu substratum in Malagasy. In Linguistique de Madagascar et des Comores. Etudes Océan Indien 9, 91-132, edited by Pierre Vérin. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

Selected quotes:

• Although Madagascar is situated only 400 kilometres from the East African coast, Malagasy, the language of the island, is not an African language (91).
• It has now been established that Malagasy is a member of the South East Barito subgroup of Austronesian in Kalimantan (Borneo), (Dahl 1951 and 1977) and a hypothesis of migration from Kalimantan to Madagascar about AD 400 (Dahl 1951: 366-369) has received general acceptance among Austronesianists. Besides Malagasy, the best known language of this subgroup is Ma'anyan (91).
• However, although the bulk of the Malagasy language is Austronesian, there are also Bantu elements in it. Local tradition has it that non-Malagasy (sic) peoples lived in certain parts of Madagascar before the latter (Malagasy) arrived there. They are called Vazimba, which sounds like a Bantu tribes-name. An English witness from the beginning of the 1_th century testifies that they spoke among themselves a language that was not understood by their neighbours (Drury, 1729:279). There are still some clans called Vazimba in Western Madagascar, but now they speak the Malagasy dialect of their neighbours (91).
• Dahle's hypothesis: wherever a Malagasy word of common occurrence and referring to objects of common life is found, not in Swahili, but also in other African languages, it is almost certain that it has not been introduced into Malagasy through Swahili, but belongs to the original African element in Malagasy (92).
• Is it possible to determine the phonetic structure of the two languages which met in Madagascar about AD 400? If so it will also be possible to follow the phonetic development which has taken place after that time (109).
• Malagasy is undoubtedly a member of the south-east Barito subgroup of Austronesian in Kalimantan, and it has been compared with the best known of the other members of that subgroup, Ma'anyan, with great precision (Dahl 1951 & 1977). We therefore know that the immigrants spoke a language with a structure rather similar to that of Ma'anyan (Dahl, 1938) (109).
• The language of the substratum seems so similar to Comorian forms of Bantu "that we may consider it as a Comorian dialect." This is not difficult to understand as the easiest way from the African continent to Madagascar is to pass through the Comoro islands, especially in the small crafts of those olden times (110).
• There is thus a great parallelism in the development of voiceless stops in Comorian and Malagasy, and in Malagasy this is the case not only in Bantu words, but also in the words inherited from Austronesian. A substratum nearly related to Comoro, or even being a Comoro dialect, seems to be the only possible explanation (113).
• (.) Malagasy has eliminated consonantic finals, and this has taken place after the immigration into Madagascar. However, all the final consonants were not eliminated or changed into intervocalic position at the same time. Final nasals reamained in this position longer than other consonants. Still the influence from the substratum is evident. Anyone who has taught French to Malagasy children will have observed how difficult the pronunciation of final consonants is to speakers of a language with only vocalic finals (119).
• All these changes after the immigration into Madagascar find their simplest explanation in the influence of a Bantu substratum. And both the phonetic development of the Bantu vocabulary in general and the special development of the voiceless stops in AN words show the near affinity of the substratum to the Comoro isolects. Most of the Bantu words in Malagasy have also cognates in Comoro and Swahili. If Comoro had been better known, we should probably have found more of them there (120).

dahlottochr 1991Dahl, Otto Chr. 1991. Migration from Kalimantan to Madagascar. Instituttet For sammenlignende kulturforskning. Serie B: Skrifter 82. Oslo: Norwegian University Press.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Austronesian linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

dahlottochr 1992Dahl, Otto Chr. 1992. Zanahary, Andrianahary, Andriamanitra. Désignation des êtres divins en malgache. In Disciplines croisées, edited by G. Condominas. Paris: Editions de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Missiology,

Religion,

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Applied linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

dahlottochr 1993Dahl, Otto Chr. 1993. Language conflict in Madagascar around AD 700. In Language conflict and language planning, 59-68, edited by Ernst Håkon Jahr. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

dahlottochr 1995Dahl, Otto Chr. 1995. L'importance de la langue malgache dans la linguistique austronésienne et dans la linguistique gnérale. In Cultures of Madagascar: Ebb and flow of influences. Working papers series 2, 39-46, edited by Sandra Evers, and Marc Spindler. Leiden: International Institute for Asian Studies.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Austronesian linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

dahloeyvind 1990Dahl, Øyvind. 1990. The general education program of the Malagasy Lutheran church. Report from task force visiting the Malagasy Lutheran church. 24 October-14 November 1990. Antananarivo.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Missiology,

Religion,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

dahloeyvind 1993aDahl, Øyvind (ed.) 1993a. Language. A doorway between human cultures. Tributes to Dr. Otto Chr. Dahl on his ninetieth birthday. Oslo: Novus Forlag.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Missiology,

Religion,

Language planning,

Linguistics,

Malagasy language,

Sociolinguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

This collection of papers contains some pertinent information on the work of Otto Chr Dahl, as well as on aspects of Malagasy archaeology, history and linguistics (nine out of the total of sixteen). Particularly of interest to us in the context of this survey are the articles by Claude Allibert, and Pierre Vérin (Linguistique, archéologie et l'exploration du passé malgache), by Dina Jeanne (Les débuts de l'évangélisation du Fihereña par les Luthériens Norvégiens 1874-1897), as well the paper by Roger-Bruno Rabenilaina (L'Intégration des différents parlers, signes manifestes de l'unicité de la langue malgache).

decaryraymond&castelremy 1941Decary, Raymond, and Rémy Castel. 1941. Modalités et conséquences des migrations intérieures récentes des populations malgaches. Antananarivo: Imprimerie Officielle de la Colonie.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

decaryraymond&faubleejacques 1960Decary, Raymond, and Jacques Faublée. 1960. Contribution au folklore des populations côtières. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache n.s. 36:273-300.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Ethnography,

Anthropology and ethnology,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

decaryraymond 1933Decary, Raymond. 1933. L'Androy. Essai de monographie régionale (2 vol). Paris: Societé d'Editions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Tandroy (Antandroy, Ntandroy),

Southern,

decaryraymond 1934aDecary, Raymond. 1934a. Les grottes d'Anjohibé. La Revue de Madagascar 8:81-85.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Southern,

decaryraymond 1934bDecary, Raymond. 1934b. Un voyage à l'île Sainte-Marie en 1824. La Revue de Madagascar 7:65-86.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Saint Mariens,

Eastern,

decaryraymond 1959Decary, Raymond. 1959. Les ordalies et sacrifices rituels chez les anciens malgaches. Paris: Larose.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

decaryraymond 1964Decary, Raymond. 1964. Contes et légendes du sud-ouest de Madagascar. Les littératures populaires de toutes les nations n.s. 11. Paris: G.-P. Maisonneuve et Larose.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Ethnography,

Anthropology and ethnology,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

South-western,

delcroixfrancoise&faurouxemmanuel 1992Delcroix, Françoise, and Emmanuel Fauroux. 1992. Les racines cérémonielles du clientélisme et du pouvoir local dans les villages Sakalava du Menabe. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 33-36:213-222.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Sakalava,

Western,

Menabe,

delerisf 1986Deleris, F. 1986. Ratsiraka: Socialisme et misère à Madagascar. Paris: L'Harmattan.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

delivrealain 1974Delivre, Alain. 1974. Interprétation d'une tradition orale. L'Histoire des rois d'Imerina. Paris: Klincksieck.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Ethnography,

Anthropology and ethnology,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Merina,

Central,

delordr 1960Delord, R. 1960. Un document inestimable sur la dynastie royale d'Ambositra. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache n.s. 38:67-77.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Betsileo,

Central,

delvalraymond 1967Delval, Raymond. 1967. Les Musulmans à Madagascar. La Revue de Madagascar 37:5-32.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

Religion,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

delvalraymond 1972Delval, Raymond. 1972. Radama II, prince de la renaissance malgache, 1861-1863. Paris: Editions de l'Ecole.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Merina,

Central,

delvalraymond 1977aDelval, Raymond. 1977a. Les Musulmans à Madagascar en 1977. L'Afrique et l'Asie Modernes 115:28-46.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Comores, Comorien,

Indian Ocean region,

Madagascar,

Religion,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

delvalraymond 1977bDelval, Raymond. 1977b. Les Musulmans à Madagascar en 1977 (II). L'Afrique et l'Asie Modernes 116:5-19.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Comores, Comorien,

Indian Ocean region,

Madagascar,

Religion,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

delvalraymond 1986Delval, Raymond. 1986. Le résident Besson, médecin, administrateur et humaniste. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 23-24:265-282.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Bara,

Southern,

Merina,

Central,

Betsileo,

Tanala (Antanala),

Eastern,

delvalraymond 1992Delval, Raymond. 1992. Le pouvoir et les atteintes au pouvoir dans l'ancien droit. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 33-36:299-307.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Merina,

Central,

deschampshubert&vianess 1959Deschamps, Hubert, and S. Vianes. 1959. Les malgaches du sud-est. Monographies ethnologiques. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Zafisoro,

Tefasy (Antefasy, Antaifasy),

Eastern,

Tesaka (Antesaka, Antaisaka),

Temoro (Antemoro, Antaimoro),

Antambahoaka (Tambahoaka),

Sahavoay,

Sahafatra,

South-eastern,

Very pertinent and detailed information concerning people groups of the South East of Madagascar, not indifferent to the struggles of missionaries in the area.

deschampshubert 1959Deschamps, Hubert. 1959. Les migrations intérieures passées et présentes à Madagascar. L'homme d'outre-mer 1. Paris: Editions Berger-Levrault.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

deschampshubert 1960Deschamps, Hubert. 1960. Conceptions, problèmes et sources de l'histoire de Madagascar. Journal of African History 1(2):249-256.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

A bit dated, but gives an inventory of documents, originals, archives for research of the history of Madagascar.

deschampshubert 1972aDeschamps, Hubert. 1972a. Histoire de Madagascar. Collection mondes d'outre-mer. Paris: Editions Berger-Levrault.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

deschampshubert 1972bDeschamps, Hubert. 1972b. Les pirates à Madagascar. Paris: Editions Berger-Levrault.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Betsimisaraka,

Eastern,

A bit dated, but gives an inventory of documents, originals, and archives for research of the history of Madagascar.

devalierefrancois 1984Devalière, François. 1984. Madagascar : l'histoire nouvelle explore ses royaumes. Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines 24:505-509.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Qualitative research,

Research,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

dewarroberte&wrighthenryt 1993Dewar, Robert E., and Henry T. Wright. 1993. The culture history of Madagascar. Journal of World Prehistory 7(4):417-466.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

dezjacques 1972Dez, Jacques. 1972. Essai sur le concept de Vazimba. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache n.s. 49(2):11-20.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Vazimba,

Western,

Dez deals with the Vazimba in Imerina. He does not make any mention of Vazimba elsewhere.

dezjacques 1978bDez, Jacques. 1978b. Les sources Européennes anciennes de la linguistique malgache. Paris: Université de Paris 7.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Austronesian linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Sakalava,

Western,

Tanosy (Antanosy),

South-eastern,

Tandroy (Antandroy, Ntandroy),

Southern,

Merina,

Central,

Saint Mariens,

Eastern,

Betsimisaraka,

Dez gives an insightful overview and appreciation of older European sources on the Malagasy language, sorted under nationality of author; He situates each author in historical context.

Selected quotes:

• A ce jour, l'intérêt offert par l'étude des sources anciennes n'est nullement épuis. Il demeure, au contraire, d'une extrême actualité. (27)

dezjacques 1981Dez, Jacques. 1981. Vocabulaire pour servir au déchiffrement des documents Arabico-malgaches. Paris: Département de Recherches Linguistiques, Université de Paris VII.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Temoro (Antemoro, Antaimoro),

Eastern,

dezjacques 1983aDez, Jacques. 1983a. Essai sur le calendrier Arabico-malgache. Paris: Département de Recherches Linguistiques, Université de Paris VII.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

dezjacques 1983bDez, Jacques. 1983b. Les sora-Be. Sources documentaires. Paris: Département de Recherches Linguistiques, Université de Paris VII.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Temoro (Antemoro, Antaimoro),

Eastern,

dezjacques 1993Dez, Jacques. 1993. Une contribution anglaise à la connaissance de la langue malgache: L'enquête dialectale du révérend J. Richardson (1893). Atlas linguistique et ethnographique de Madagascar. Travaux préliminaires 2. Strasbourg: Université des Sciences Humaines.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Dialectology,

Linguistics,

Malagasy language,

Sociolinguistics,

Applied linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Sambirano,

Sakalava,

Western,

Zafisoro,

Tefasy (Antefasy, Antaifasy),

Eastern,

Hova,

Merina,

Central,

Tanala (Antanala),

Temoro (Antemoro, Antaimoro),

Tankarana (Antankarana, Tekarana, Antekarana),

Northern,

Betsileo,

Bezanozano,

Sihanaka,

Vakinankaratra,

Betsimisaraka,

Masikoro,

South-western,

Vezo,

Bara,

Southern,

dinajeanne&hoernerjeanmichel 1976Dina, Jeanne, and Jean-Michel Hoerner. 1976. Etude sur les populations Mikea du sud-ouest de Madagascar. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 3-4.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Mikea,

South-western,

Masikoro,

Very concise article explaining the problem of the Mikea. No bibliography attached to this copy.

dinajeanne 1993Dina, Jeanne. 1993. Les débuts de l'évangélisation du fiherena par les luthériens norvégiens 1874-1897. In Language. A doorway between human cultures, 60-73, edited by Øyvind Dahl. Oslo: Novus Forlag.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Missiology,

Religion,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Vezo,

Western,

Masikoro,

South-western,

domenichinijeanpierre&poirierjean&raherisoanjatodaniel 1984Domenichini, Jean-Pierre, Jean Poirier, and Daniel Raherisoanjato. 1984. Ny razana tsy mba maty. Cultures traditionnelles malgaches. Antananarivo: Librairie de Madagascar.

language(s):

Malagasy

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

domenichinijeanpierre 1971Domenichini, Jean-Pierre. 1971. Histoire des Palladium d'Imerina d'après des manuscrits anciens. Texte bilingue. Antananarivo: Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie de l'Université de Madagasar.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Merina,

Central,

domenichinijeanpierre 1974Domenichini, Jean-Pierre. 1974. Une contribution nouvelle à l'histoire du Menabe. Jacques Lombard. Taloha 6:177-182.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Sakalava,

Western,

Menabe,

domenichinijeanpierre 1981Domenichini, Jean-Pierre. 1981. "La plus belle enigme du monde" ou L'historiographie coloniale en question. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 13-14:57-76.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

Jean-Pierre Domenichini refutes some of the assumptions and theories of colonial historians and anthropologists concerning Madagascar. He situates colonialism in the subjective frame it belongs to, in the face of the opposing nationalism, but of which both currents proclaim the profound unity of the Malagasy people. He says that "la colonisation, qui s'attribue le mérite d'avoir mis fin aux guerres tribales et d'unifier politiquement - avec la conquête et la pacification de l'époque de Gallieni - et socialement les populations de la Grande Ile, s'oppose au nationalisme et tout à la fois le rejoint, lorsque celui-ci insiste sur l'unité profonde et ancienne de Madagascar et construit l'unité de l'avenir sur celle du passé." (61). According to Domenichini there has been a Malagasy culture on the great island since at the latest 5AD, when according to a glotttochronological study by Vérin et al the divergence commenced.

Selected quotes:

• "Pour coloniser, il faut connaître les peuples, leur langue, leurs coutumes, leurs mours, savoir quelles sont leurs origines dans le passé, les affinités qu'ils présentent avec d'autres groupes humains" Gallieni in 1902, cité par Henri Poisson (57).

domenichinijeanpierre 1986Domenichini, Jean-Pierre. 1986. Les dieux au service des rois. Histoire orale des Sampin'Andriana ou Palladiums royaux de Madagascar. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Ethnography,

Anthropology and ethnology,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

domenichiniramiaramananabakoly&domenichinijeanpierre 1979Domenichini-Ramiaramanana, Bakoly, and Jean-Pierre Domenichini. 1979. La tradition malgache, une source pour l'histoire de l'océan Indien. Taloha 8:57-81.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Ethnography,

Anthropology and ethnology,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

domenichiniramiaramananabakoly 1968Domenichini-Ramiaramanana, Bakoly. 1968. Hainteny d'autrefois, poèmes traditionnels malgaches receuillis au début du règne de Ranavalona I (1828-1861). Haintenin'ny fahiny, voaangona tamin'ny voalohandohan'ny nanjakan-dranavalona I. Antananarivo: Librairie Mixte.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Ethnography,

Anthropology and ethnology,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Merina,

Central,

domenichiniramiaramananabakoly 1983Domenichini-Ramiaramanana, Bakoly. 1983. Du ohabolana au hainteny. Langue, littérature et politique à Madagascar. Paris: Editions Karthala.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Ethnography,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

druryrobert 1896Drury, Robert. 1896. Madagascar or Robert Drurys journal during fifteen years captivity on that island and further description of Madagascar by Abbé Rochon. Ed. S.P. Oliver. London: Seminar Press.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Sakalava,

Western,

Tandroy (Antandroy, Ntandroy),

Southern,

Mahafale (Mahafaly),

druryrobert 1897Drury, Robert. 1897. Madagascar, or, Robert Drury's journal, during fifteen years of captivity on that island. London: T. Fisher Unwin Paternoster Square.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Sakalava,

Western,

Tandroy (Antandroy, Ntandroy),

Southern,

Mahafale (Mahafaly),

duboishenrimarie 1950Dubois, Henri-Marie. 1950. La religion malgache. Cahiers Charles de Foucauld 21:70-100.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

dundesalan 1964Dundes, Alan. 1964. The morphology of American Indian folktales. Folklore fellows communications 195. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Sociolinguistics,

Linguistics,

Applied linguistics,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

dundesalan 1965aDundes, Alan. 1965a. Structural typology in north American Indian folktales. In The study of folklore, 206-215, edited by Alan Dundes. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Sociolinguistics,

Linguistics,

Applied linguistics,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

dundesalan 1965bDundes, Alan (ed.) 1965b. The study of folklore. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Sociolinguistics,

Linguistics,

Applied linguistics,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

dupuisj 1989Dupuis, J. 1989. Jésus-Christ à la rencontre des religions. Jésus et Jésus-Christ 39. Paris: Desclée.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Missiology,

Religion,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

duttontom 1992Dutton, Tom (ed.) 1992. Culture change, language change. Case studies from Melanasia. Pacific linguistics. Series C: Books 120. Canberra: Australian National University, Dept of Linguistics: Research School of Pacific Studies.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Qualitative research,

Research,

Diachronic linguistics,

Linguistics,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

dyenisidore 1953Dyen, Isidore. 1953. Review of Otto Dahl, Malgache et Manjaan. Language 29(4):577-590.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Austronesian linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

dyenisidore 1965Dyen, Isidore. 1965. A lexicostatistical classification of the Austronesian languages (International Journal of Linguistics Memoir 19). Baltimore: Waverly Press.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Sociolinguistics,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Research,

History,

Austronesian,

dyenisidore 1966Dyen, Isidore. 1966. Comment. Oceanic Linguistics 5(1):32-49.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Diachronic linguistics,

Linguistics,

History,

dyenisidore 1971Dyen, Isidore. 1971. The Austronesian languages and proto-Austronesian. Trends in linguistics. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Diachronic linguistics,

Linguistics,

Austronesian linguistics,

History,

Austronesian,

ebobissecarl 1989Ebobissé, Carl. 1989. Dialectometrie lexicale des parlers sawabantu. The Journal of West African Languages 19(2):57-65.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Dialectology,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Applied linguistics,

History,

eggertkarl 1979Eggert, Karl. 1979. Mahafaly as misnomer. Paper prepared in advance for participants in Burg Wartenstein symposium, no 83: human adjustment in time and space in Madagascar, August 18-27, 1979.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Mahafale (Mahafaly),

Southern,

In this paper Karl Eggert discusses eight kinds of social groups that the people living in the Mahafaly region identify with, namely traño, foko, tariha, karazana, ziva, then what he calls cultural groups: local and intra-regional, and gasy. He then discusses the name Mahafale in terms of the meaning and the value of the concept where the people themselves do not relate to it in the way "outsiders" view it. The following quotation sums up his thinking:
"The literature classifies the Mahafaly Region's predominant population as Mahafaly. However, the region's contemporary residents neither call themselves Mahafaly nor claim to be members of an all-encompassing Mahafaly group. They describe themselves, instead, as many different people with membership in many different groups." (20).
His paper provides interesting insights, but some of the main points, such as a group being given a name by outsiders, while the internal consciousness of the group is totally different, could be applied to many other populations of Madagascar.

eliadem 1977Eliade, M. 1977. Traité d'histoire des religions. Paris: Payot.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Religion,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

elliluigi 1993Elli, Luigi. 1993. Une civilisation du bouf: Les Bara de Madagascar. Difficultés et perspectives d'une évangélisation. Collection "Gasikarako". Fianarantsoa: Editions Ambozontany.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Missiology,

Religion,

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Bara,

Southern,

This publication of Luigi Elli's Mémoire de Maîtrise, June 1991, Institut Catholique de Paris, covers many aspects of the Bara civilisation in detail and then discusses, in a second part, certain issues relating to the evangelisation of the Bara.
This work provides an excellent insight into Bara culture, especially as far as culture involves the Zébu. And as the Zébu is involved in every aspect of Bara life, this book covers a large part of it. A quick scanning of the bibliography reveals that most writing concerning the Bara was done in and before the first half of the twentieth century.
Elli introduces his manuscript with an account of "La mort de Rebozaky: un phénomène social total" which is an excellent rencontre with the realities of Bara life and custom. He gives other such accounts, such as "le bilo."
For the purposes of our study, the author's remarks on the importance of the Bara dialect are essential. He mentions that although the people are mostly illiterate, they are deep thinkers. He says that official Malagasy is nothing else but the Merina dialect that was enriched by words from dialects "of the coast" and that although many Bara know it, they don't speak it and consider their own way of speaking to be "real Malagasy." Like French, the Merina way of speaking is that of a stranger.
It is clear that the author knows the Bara people and can be seen as an authority on their way of life.

Selected quotes:

• Nous avons vu qu'une des raisons qui montrent la religion chrétienne sous un jour défavorable aux yeux des Bara, c'est le fait qu'elle est la religion de ceux qui détenaient et qui détiennent le pouvoir, le 'fanjakana' (.). Les missionnaires, même aujourd'hui, (.) sont souvent pris par les Bara pour des fonctionnaires: 'Hanareo fanjaka' (Vous, du Gouvernement), dit-on à l'adresse du missionnaire, et cela s'entend encore très souvent. Mais les gens du 'fanjakana' ont une mauvaise renommée chez les Bara, à cause de leur corruption (163).
• Parmi les attitudes qui frappent le plus positivement les Bara il faut compter le respect. Nous avons vu comment ils sont méprisés par les 'civilisés' et par les chrétiens (.). Ce respect, cette sympathie et amitié doivent s'exprimer surtout par un effort de connaissance approfondie et scientifique de leur langue et de leurs us et coutumes (164).
• Une des tfches les plus importantes pour un missionnaire sera l'étude approfondie et scientifique du dialecte bara (.). Le missionnaire arrivé à Madagascar apprend le malgache officiel (malagasy iombonana), qui n'est pas autre chose que le dialecte merina enrichi de mots provenants des dialectes dits 'côtiers' (165).
• Le malgache officiel est assez aisément compris par tout le monde dans la Grande Ile, donc aussi par les Bara. Mais très peu parmi eux le parlent. La langue de tous les jours c'est bien le dialecte. Qui parle le 'malagasy iombonana' se présente comme un étranger, et est perçu comme tel par les gens (.). Pour les Bara, comme pour les autres ethnies du sud, c'est leur dialecte qui est la vraie langue malgache (165).
• (.) mais dès mes premières tournées parmi les Bara je me suis nettement aperçu que la langue officiel que je parlais était un obstacle de plus à la communication (165).
• (.) un étranger parlant ou s'efforçant de parler leur dialecte les rendait heureux; les portes des maisons, et les cours des personnes, s'ouvrent plus facilement au missionnaire qui parle comme eux, et ils perçoivent cette attention comme une marque d'estime et de respect (165).
• Ce qu'il faut savoir sur les Bara:
  -le'tatara raza' du clan ou du lignage: l'origine, les noms des chefs les plus représentatifs, les migrations;
  -la structure socio-politique, la place du patriarche;
  -la signification de l'hazomanga;
  -les fomban-draza (naissance, circoncision, mariage, socialisation des enfants, bilo, les rites funéraires); le système religieux;
  -les proverbes et les contes;
  -le bouf et sa place dans la culture bara (166).
• le lien indissoluble entre le religieux et le social (167).
• ce serait demander le suicide social que d'exiger d'un chrétien de s'abstenir de la participation à ces rites (168).
• Sur plus de onze millions d'habitants, la Grande Ile compte aujourd'hui à peu près six millions de chrétiens, toutes confessions confondues, dont plus de la moitié sont catholiques. Les chrétiens sont assez inégalement répartis: si les Merina et les Betsileos des Hauts-Plateaux sont chrétiens presque à 100%, les tribus du sud (Bara, Tandroy, Mahafaly), au contraire, le sont peut-être à 10%, et les Bara le sont moins que les Tandroy (133).
• Il n'y a pas à proprement parler, un peuple Bara ou une tribu Bara. Ceux qui s'appellent aujourd'hui Bara sont les membres de clans qui ont des origines très disparates, dans l'espace comme dans le temps. Les Bara, avec raison, ne se reconnaissent pas une origine commune. Les Bara actuels sont en grande partie les descendants des sujets des rois de famille Zafimanely. Un autre élément de cohésion d'un peuple c'est la langue. Malgré des différences locales inévitables, la langue bara, avec ses variations régionales, par rapport au malgache officiel, surtout au niveau du lexique et de la prononciation, se distingue assez nettement de la langue parlée par les autres ethnies de la région. Avec un peu de pratique on distingue aisément, à la façon de parler, un Bara d'un Tandroy, d'un Mahafaly, d'un Sakalava, d'un Betsileo, d'un Tesaka ou d'un Tanôsy. Les Bara ont aussi en commun un patrimoine de coutumes (.) (136).
• Les Tandroy montent vers le nord, qui est mieux arrosé que leur pays. A l'est les Tesaka, les Tanala, les Tanôsy progressent. Les riziculteurs Betsileo ont envahi le nord du pays bara et aujourd'hui on les trouve partout, là o- les conditions géographiques permettent d'avoir de belles rizières. Si plus aucune frontière géographique ne sépare les Bara des autres ethnies, des frontières, assez nettes, d'une autre espèce, existent quand même toujours. Ces frontières sont moins précises dans l'unité de tout le sud de Madagascar (seules la langue, l'histoire et certaines coutumes distinguent les Bara des autres ethnies du sud); elles sont beaucoup plus marquées entre les Bara et les Betsileo (137).
• L'attachement farouche que les Bara ont pour la tradition ancestrale les fait se méfier de toute nouveauté(.) méfiance envers l'Etat moderne et ses représentants les fonctionnaires et les gendarmes, appellés 'vazaha', c'est-à-dire Blancs, Européens, donc étrangers; mais l'enseignement se heurte également à la méfiance des gens, surtout parce qu'il enlève les jeunes au travail des champs et les empêche d'aller aux pfturages avec les boufs. Même pour ce qui a trait à l'agriculture ou à l'élevage, ils restent attachés à la tradition (.) aussi, (.) la religion chrétienne (.) La vie, et donc la survie du groupe sont liées indissolublement à la fidélité aux 'fomban-draza' (les coutumes ancestrales). Toute atteinte à ces coutumes est une atteinte à la vie du groupe (.) (138).
• Cinquante ans après (Faublée: la cohésion.) je peux dire que si un affaiblissement de la tradition s'est produit, il est minime et les fomban-draza continuent à régler la vie des Bara (139).
• Les Bara pensent avoir une responsabilité morale vis-à-vis des générations passées et des générations à venir. Les générations actuellement vivantes ne considèrent pas les fomban-draza comme une propriété dont elles pourraient disposer à leur guise, mais comme un héritage reçu des ancêtres et à transmettre aux générations à venir (139).

ellisstephen 1985Ellis, Stephen. 1985. The rising of the red shawls. A revolt in Madagascar 1895-1899. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

elliswilliam 1838Ellis, William. 1838. History of Madagascar. London: Fisher & Co.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

elliswilliam 1858Ellis, William. 1858. Three visits to Madagascar during the years 1853, 1854, 1856. London: John Murray.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Missiology,

Religion,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

elliswilliam 1859Ellis, William. 1859. Three visits to Madagascar during the years 1853-1854-1856. London: John Murray.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Religion,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

elliswilliam 1867Ellis, William. 1867. Madagascar revisited. London: John Murray.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Missiology,

Religion,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

elmendorfwilliamw 1951Elmendorf, William W. 1951. Word taboos and lexical change in coast Salish. International Journal of American Linguistics 17:205-208.

language(s):

English

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

emphouxjeanpierre&ramiandrisoaclara 1991Emphoux, Jean-Pierre, and Clara Ramiandrisoa. 1991. Archéologie du sud malgache. Aombe 4. Paris: Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Southern,

emphouxjeanpierre 1981Emphoux, Jean-Pierre. 1981. Archéologie de l'Androy. Deux sites iimportants: Andranosoa et le manda de Ramananga. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 13-14:89-97.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Tandroy (Antandroy, Ntandroy),

Southern,

Bara,

Tanala (Antanala),

Eastern,

The author presents a report of archaeological research done at two sites. The second, the "manda de Ramananga," dating back to about the 15th-16th century is supported by an interesting tradition found 20Kms from the site, where a Tanala king, Retsiombe told the author that the site was the a fortress built by a Tanala king, Ramananga to defend himself from his enemies the Zafimanely.

esoavelomandrosofaranirinav 1977Esoavelomandroso, Faranirina V. 1977. L'attitude malgache face au traîté de 1885. Antananarivo: Université de Madagascar.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

esoavelomandrosofaranirinav 1980Esoavelomandroso, Faranirina V. 1980. De la peste maladie à la "peste politique". Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 11:49-95.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Merina,

Central,

esoavelomandrosomanasse 1979Esoavelomandroso, Manassé. 1979. La province maritime orientale du "royaume de Madagascar" à la fin du XIXe siècle (1882-1895). Antananarivo: Imprimerie du FTM.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Betsimisaraka,

Eastern,

esoavelomandrosomanasse 1985Esoavelomandroso, Manassé. 1985. Les "révoltes de l'est" (novembre 1895-février 1896): essai d'explication. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 21-22:33-46.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Southern Betsimisaraka (Antatsimo, Tatsimo),

Betsimisaraka,

Eastern,

Northern Betsimisaraka (Antavaratra, Tavaratra),

Betanimena,

esoavelomandrosomanasse 1986bEsoavelomandroso, Manassé. 1986b. L'insécurité dans la province Bara du 'royaume de Madagascar' (1888-1895). Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 23-24:229-237.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Bara,

Southern,

Merina,

Central,

In this short essay Esoavelomandroso describes the failure of the Merina contingent in Ihosy to "keep the peace" in Ibara (and in parts of Betsileo) between the years 1888-1895. "Sanctuaire pour ceux qui viennent désoler le Betsileo, la province bara est aussi le repaire de tous ceux qui ne reconnaissent pas l'ordre royal merina ou qui le contestent ouvertement" (233). This history may explain the presence of so many Betsileo, Tanala and others among the Bara, people who have been living there for a century or more and consider themselves to be Bara.

Selected quotes:

• Cette province bara est une terre d'accueil pour des populations qui s'opposent à l'ordre royal. Les Ambiloina, par example, (.) constituent un regroupement instable de populations d'origine diverse. Pour l'essentiel ce sont des groupes de Mavorongo et de Tanala-populations du gradin forestier oriental-ayant quitté leur "pays" depuis longtemps, et établis à l'ouest de l'Isalo, à quinze journées de marche au sud-ouest de Tompoananandrariny pour un détachement de l'armée. Dans leur nouveau "pays," boisé et difficile d'accès, d'où ils partent pour attacker le Betsileo et où ils échappent au contrôle effectif des troupes royales, ces Mavorongo et Tanala, que rééunissent leur habitat commun et leurs activités, se donnent comme nom "Ambiloina." On voit là en gestation l'embryon d'une nouvelle population, prête à s'entendre avec tous ceux qui contestent et combattent le pouvoir royal (233-4).

esoavelomandrosomanasse 1986cEsoavelomandroso, Manassé. 1986c. Milieux naturel et peuplement de l'Androy. In Madagascar: Society and history 38, 121-131, edited by Conrad Phillip Kottak, Jean-Aimé Rakotoarisoa, Aidan Southall, and Pierre Vérin. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Tandroy (Antandroy, Ntandroy),

Southern,

Esoavelomandroso discusses the relationship between the natural milieu of the arid Androy region and the people who live there. He points out that there is no agreement on the name "Androy" and its derivatives, most authors being convinced that the name "roy" refers to the "thorns" that abound there, another seeing no other meaning in the name Androy than that of it being the homeland of the Tandroy people. The name has only been used since end of the seventeenth century. Northern Androy is a humid region, an area of vast pasturelands and little populated, whereas the area south of the Tsihombe-Ambovombe road is much dryer and suffers from a lack of good water, but contains a relatively larger population than the northern area, because of a more fertile soil. This is the area rich in chalky soil and limestone. The Karimbola and Mahandrovato, who live south of the Ambovombe-Tsihombe-Beloha line claim to be the first inhabitants of the area. Different clans were added to these groups, among which the Zafimanara, who subdued the Mahandrovato, obtained control of the Karimbola and then favoured the immigration of different groups from the east, west and north: Sakalava, Bara and others. The author, who is of Tañalaña origin, ends his discussion on the different immigrations with the following statement: "L'étude de ce peuplement montre aussi que les Antandroy qui tirent leur spécificité de leur histoire et du milieu naturel dans lequel ils vivent, proviennent d'une série de métissages ou de mélanges pluri-séculaires. Est-il encore besoin de préciser la profonde unité du sud qui a contribué au peuplement de l'androy, et par-delà ce sud, l'unité de la culture malgache?" (130).

esoavelomandrosomanasse 1989aEsoavelomandroso, Manassé. 1989a. Notes sur les espaces economiques du Mahafale occidental à la fin du XIXe siècle. Cahiers du Centre de Recherches Africaines 7:147-152.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Mahafale (Mahafaly),

Southern,

Manassé Esoavelomandroso is convinced of the homogeneity of the Tokobeitelo, a confederation of three clans in Western Mahafale, the Tevondrone, Temitongoa and Temilahehe, which he describes in this paper in terms of their mainly agrico-pastoral activities at the end of the nineteenth century. He also describes other resources tapped by these people, such as the sea and the forest and their interaction with slave traders which also shows their community spirit.
The author clarifies terminology which is important for understanding Tokobeitelo society:
raza: this term indicates the grand parents, the ancestors, the group that descends from a common ancestor which is the clan, the hazomanga (post for religious ceremonies) the vilo (earmark of the group's cattle).
famosora: different lineages within a raza or clan.

esoavelomandrosomanasse 1989bEsoavelomandroso, Manassé. 1989b. Territoires et troupeaux des Temitongoa. In Histoire et organisation de l' espace à Madagascar. Cahiers du Centre de Recherches Africaines 7, 47-56, edited by Jean Fremigacci. Paris: CRA.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Mahafale (Mahafaly),

Southern,

A very instructive paper on aspects of Mahafale culture, not referred to as such, but referred to as "Temitongoa," a traditional clannic subgroup among the inhabitants of the Mahafale region. The author gives insightful definitions of terminology used in clear footnotes. Even though the main focus here is on habitat and cattle herding traditions, one acquires a better understanding of human relations in the South.

Selected quotes:

• Mais depuis quelques décennies, des communautés importantes de Mahafale, dont des Temitongoa, sont implantées hors de l'aire historique: le long de la nationale 7 entre Ankororoke et Andranovory, dans la région d'Ankazoabo, et sur la route de Morombe, entre Manja et Ankililoake. Dans ces enclaves, où elles se trouvent au contact des Tanôsy, des Bara et des Masikoro, elles ont réussi et réussissent encore à assurer la sécurité à leurs troupeaux. Elles ont résisté victorieusement aux voleurs et, dans les zones où les malaso (=cattle rustlers) font ou faisaient la loi, leurs troupeaux étaient préservés. Faut-il voir là un réflexe d'éleveurs ou le résultat d'une cohésion sociale vivante? J'opterai, pour ma part, pour la deuxième possibilité. En effet, les Bara et les Masikoro sont aussi des éleveurs et pourtant, ils n'ont pas eu la même réaction que ces Mahafale émigrés ou les Tandroy.
  Mahafale et Tandroy se sont pris en charge pour défendre leurs troupeaux. Pour cela ils ont puisé dans leur histoire, dans leur culture, les éléments pour renforcer leur cohésion, gage de leur réussite. Sauront-ils ou pourront-ils préserver, sauvegarder et utiliser cette cohésion pour en faire des fondements de leur stratégie, afin d'affronter le monde moderne qui ne semble pas vouloir les prendre comme des partenaires à part entière mais paraît les voir comme obstacles au développement? (56).

esoavelomandrosomanasse 1991aEsoavelomandroso, Manassé (ed.) 1991a. Cohésion sociale, modernité et pression démographique. L'exemple du Mahafale. Aombe 3. Paris: Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Mahafale (Mahafaly),

Southern,

This edition of Aombe contains as the title indicates, a series of articles pertaining to Mahafale country and the people who live there. It covers the demographic situation, archaeology, rites, the ecology, religion, social organisation and other issues.

esoavelomandrosomanasse 1991bEsoavelomandroso, Manassé. 1991b. La cohésion sociale dans le Mahafale à la fin du xixè siècle. In Cohésion sociale, modernité et pression démographique. Aombe 3, 27-39, edited by Manassé Esoavelomandroso. Paris: Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Mahafale (Mahafaly),

Southern,

The author describes Mahafale society at the end of the nineteenth century. There was then, according to him "considerable" social cohesion among them. He describes social entities like the raza, discusses the fact that the Mahafale are more like a mosaic of peoples than a united group and that such "unity" is a label made by others, by outsiders. He affirms that the Mahafale have never known a centralised organisation of state.

esoavelomandrosomanasse 1992Esoavelomandroso, Manassé. 1992. Les souverains du Menarandra dans la deuxième moitié du xixe siècle. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 33-36:287-298.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Mahafale (Mahafaly),

Southern,

Manassé Esoavelomandroso has cleared up many an assumption regarding the Mahafaly, and in this paper he discusses the history of the southern part of this territory and in particular the fact that European sources have often represented southern Mahafale as the kingdom of the Menarandra, submitting to the authority of one man. The author shows how there was one dominant raza, the Befira, whose cohesion is represented by the mpisoro, who played both a ritual and political role. This dominance did not signify a united kingdom, but rather a loose confederation of interrelated but autonomous entities.

esoavelomandrosomanasse 1995Esoavelomandroso, Manassé. 1995. Les formations politiques dans le Mahafale au xixe siècle. Talily 2:19-27.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Mahafale (Mahafaly),

Southern,

The author discusses the political structures that existed in Mahafale country in the nineteenth century, where there coexisted three or four different kingdoms with a number of autonomous lineage communities (clans), who had their own territories and related independently with these kingdoms, never submitting to any of them. Some alliances existed, but there was no central political cohesion among the inhabitants of Mahafale, perhaps as the author suggests, due to the strong cohesion of each separate lineage. Instead of a more or less harmonious cohabitation among different powers operating in equilibrium for the common good, one finds the affirmation of powers and counter-powers in conflict. This was then easily exploited by the French colonial power, who found the political structures of Mahafale weakened through division.

facelinar 1974Facelina, R. 1974. Théologie en situation. Une communauté Chrétienne dans le tiers-monde (Algérie 1962-1974). etude pour le 5e colloque du Cerdic. Strasbourg, 7-8 juin 1974. Université des sciences humaines de Strasbourg. Hommes et eglises 5. Strasbourg: Cerdic-Publications.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Missiology,

Religion,

History,

fagerengedvin 1971Fagereng, Edvin. 1971. Une famille de dynasties malgaches. Zafindravola, Maroseraña, Zafimbolamena, Andrevola, Zafimañely. Instituttet For sammenlignende kulturforskning. Serie B: Skrifter 56. Oslo-Bergen-Tromsö: Universitetsforlaget.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Andrevola,

Masikoro,

South-western,

Zafindravola,

Bara,

Southern,

fagerengemile 1947Fagereng, Emile. 1947. Contribution à l'histoire de Madagascar. Histoire de la dynastie Zafindravola. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache n.s. 26:49-54.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Andrevola,

Masikoro,

South-western,

Zafindravola,

Bara,

Southern,

Zafimanely,

Tsienimbalala,

Mahafale (Mahafaly),

Selected quotes:

• On n'est pas au clair sur lequel de ces chefs conduisit une partie des Zafindravola, suivis de leurs sujets, les Tsienimbalala, vers leurs nouvelles habitations, mais il semble que les deux frères se soient d'abord établis à Lamatihy, au bord du Fiherena, à environ 120km de Tulear. Andrianomby est enterré à Bevato, au sud de Manera, dans cette même région. Tsimizetse poursuivit l'exode en remontant la rivière Manandone pour se fixer définitivement dans le Mikoboke, à l'ouest de la chaîne d'Analavelona. Il rencontra, à Trokomby, le chef Andrevola Faony. Un autre chef, Redrakake, était déjà partie pour Andakato, près de Manera, Tsimizetse occupa sa résidence vacante, près de Soatana.
  Tsimialo sétait d'abord tabli aux bords de Sakondry, non loin de Tongobory, et il y est enterré. Son fils, Manananto (ou Renanto) partit ensuite pour Mikoboke, il est reconnu comme roi des zafindravola émigrés(par qui-my question). Il occupe en même temps le poste de chef de canton.
  Les zqfindravola émigrés dans le Mikoboke ont toujours vécu en bons termes avec leurs voisins dans l'Ouest, les andrevola, et s'alliaient fréquemment avec eux pour se défendre contre les zafimanely, lorsque ces derniers envahirent le Bara-Imamono.
  Ils ont gardé leur indépendence jusqu'à l'arrivée des troupes françaises d'occupation. A ce moment, ils ont pris le parti de se sauver dans l'Analavelona, mais n'ont pas tardé à faire leur soumission.

fagerengemile 1950aFagereng, Emile. 1950a. Dynastie Andrevola. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache n.s. 28:136-159.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Sakalava,

Western,

Masikoro,

South-western,

Bara,

Southern,

Fagereng combines different sources to compile a very insightful history of the Andrevola, complete with a genealogy of the Andrevola chiefs until the turn of the last century. In the process, he draws links with other relevant groups of the time and fills in an essential chronology in the development of the population of Southwest Madagascar. He ends this article with a paragraph that might have suited the audiences of his time, but which sounds grotesque now: "Ainsi se termine le règne, peu glorieux; de la dynastie Andrevola (.). Il était donc temps qu'une grande nation civilisée se substituât à cette dynastie décadente, permettant aux forces civilisatrices et morales de la vieille Europe de réparer les dommages causés jusqu'alors par des trafiquants sans scrupules, et ouvrant à cette contrée une ère nouvelle de prospérité et de progrès" (158).
Sadly, the Southwest of Madagascar is still waiting for this new era of prosperity and progress.

fagerengemile 1950bFagereng, Emile. 1950b. Histoire des Maroseranana du Menabe. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache n.s 28.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Menabe,

Western,

fagerengemile 1981Fagereng, Emile. 1981. Origine des dynasties ayant régné dans le sud et l'ouest de Madagascar. Omaly sy Anio (Hier et Aujourd'hui) 13-14:125-140.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Sakalava,

Western,

Tanosy (Antanosy),

South-eastern,

Tandroy (Antandroy, Ntandroy),

Southern,

Mahafale (Mahafaly),

Bara,

Tanala (Antanala),

Eastern,

A very sketchy paper, difficult to follow, recounting the traditional origins of four Southern dynasties, all of whom claim "vazaha" ancestry.

faubleejacques 1942bFaublée, Jacques. 1942b. La prière sacrificielle chez les Bara. Journal de la Société des Africanistes 12:259.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Religion,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Bara,

Southern,

faubleejacques 1943Faublée, Jacques. 1943. Démographie de Madagascar. Journal de la Société des Africanistes 13:209-213.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

faubleejacques 1946Faublée, Jacques. 1946. Ethnographie de Madagascar. Paris: Ed. de France et d'Outre-Mer - La Nouvelle Edition.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

faubleejacques 1947aFaublée, Jacques. 1947a. L'évolution des sociétés malgaches. La Revue de Madagascar 1947:73-81.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

faubleejacques 1947bFaublée, Jacques. 1947b. Récits Bara. Travaux et mémoires de l'institut d'ethnologie 48. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Ethnography,

Anthropology and ethnology,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Bara,

Southern,

faubleejacques 1948aFaublée, Jacques. 1948a. A Madagascar: Les villages Bara, site, migration, évolution. Revue de géographie humaine et d'ethnographie 1:36-53.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Bara,

Southern,

faubleejacques 1950Faublée, Jacques. 1950. La cohésion des sociétés Bara. PhD dissertation. Université de Paris.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Bara,

Southern,

faubleejacques 1950Faublée, Jacques. 1950. Les esprits helu et leur rôle dans les religions malgaches. Les esprits de la vie à Madagascar. PhD dissertation. Université de Paris.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Religion,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Bara,

Southern,

faubleejacques 1951aFaublée, Jacques. 1951a. L'équilibre d'une société malgache traditionnelle: Les Bara. Cahiers Charles de Foucauld 6(21):165-175.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Bara,

Southern,

faubleejacques 1951bFaublée, Jacques. 1951b. Techniques divinatoires et magiques chez les Bara de Madagascar. Journal de la Société des Africanistes 21:127-138.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Religion,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Bara,

Southern,

faubleejacques 1952Faublée, Jacques. 1952. Sources de la littérature malgache. La Revue Française de l'Elite Européenne 36:81-83.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Ethnography,

Anthropology and ethnology,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

faubleejacques 1954aFaublée, Jacques. 1954a. La cohésion des sociétés Bara. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Social sciences - other,

History,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Bara,

Southern,

Jacques Faublée reports here on his very thorough research of the Bara people. It seems that he included every conceivable aspect of their existence. Even though this work was published in 1954, much of his insight into the Bara culture and way of life is still useful and extremely valuable to anyone interested in this people. Faublée is still widely quoted in more recent publications.
He does refer to the "perméabilité" of the Bara society, which suggests that some aspects may have changed since he wrote and which emphasizes the need for updating research on the Bara.

Selected quotes:

• La société Bara ne différent pas des autres sociétés du Sud de Madagascar. Mais les représentations collectives opposent les Bara de vie traditionnelle aux immigrés venant du Nord, riziculteurs, commerçants et chrétiens (130).
• Les Bara sont définis par le respect des représentations, collectives de leurs ancêtres. Ceci les intègre dans la civilisation de tout le Sud de Madagascar, qui respecte les normes traditionnelles et se méfie des innovations (142).
• Les normes établies et respectées par les Bara de jadis, suivies encore en 1941 par leur descendants, survivront-elles à l'afflux d'immigrés chrétiens vivant en symbiose avec les pasteurs Bara? (142).
• Tandruy et Mahafali venant du Sud sont proches des Bara, pasteurs aimant leurs boufs par-dessus tout (.). Souvant des Tanandru (ou Betsiléo) craignant les razzias des autochtones confient leurs troupeaux à des pasteurs bara (129).
• Les Bara gardent nombre de représentations collectives: pour tous, l'agriculture, indispensable, reste méprisée, il est mieux d'accroître son troupeau et de laisser les terres à des immigrés. Tous dédaignent les travaux techniques et l'artisanat. Le commerce mercantile déshonore, et les Bara l'abandonnent aux émigrés. Ils répugnent à l'école et aux travaux administratifs, étrangers aux usages ancestraux.
  Les Bara attribuent une faible importance au lieu d'habitat qui ne forme que des liens temporaires, l'essentiel est l'origine de la grande famille raza (.).
  L'individu n'existe pas, il n'y a que des personnages éléments du groupe, inséparables de la collectivité familiale (.).
  Le respect de la coutume caractérise la société bara (.).
  Les Bara méprisent les contingences matérielles, s'intéressant avant tout aux éléments idéologiques (.). Dans cette société à base religieuse 'les morts gouvernent les vivants' (.) (136 -7).

faubleejacques 1954bFaublée, Jacques. 1954b. Les esprits de la vie à Madagascar. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Religion,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Vezo,

Western,

Vazimba,

Tandroy (Antandroy, Ntandroy),

Southern,

Bara,

Merina,

Central,

Betsileo,

faubleejacques 1959Faublée, Jacques. 1959. Les sociétés malgaches. Origine, formation et évolution. L'année sociologique 3:322-328.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Diachronic linguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

faubleejacques 1984Faublée, Jacques. 1984. Les etudes littéraires malgaches de Jean Paulhan. Journal des Africanistes 54(1):79-93.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

Ethnography,

Anthropology and ethnology,

History,

Austronesian,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Malagasy,

faubleejacques 1992Faublée, Jacques. 1992. Notes sur un clan du sud-est de Madagascar. Journal des Africanistes 62(2):155-160.

language(s):

French

topic(s):

Malagasy language,

Linguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Madagascar,

Indian Ocean region,

History,

Austronesian,

Anthropology and ethnology,

Malagasy ethnie(s):

Temoro (Antemoro, Antaimoro),

Eastern,