Chamicuro data: Swadesh list
Datos del chamicuro: lista de Swadesh
Steve Parker
Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics,
University of North Dakota,
and SIL International
SIL Language and Culture Documentation and Description
10
2010 Steve Parker,
and SIL International
ISSN 1939-0785
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Judy Benjamin
Abstract
In this paper I present a 207-item Swadesh wordlist
illustrating the phonological system of Chamicuro, an extinct Arawakan language
of Peru. Both the instructions (metadata) and the glosses for the actual
linguistic forms are given in Spanish as well as in English.
Introduction
In this article I present a 207-item Swadesh wordlist illustrating the phonological system of the Chamicuro language of Peru. This introductory section of the paper describes the following Chamicuro data, including the purpose of presenting them in this way at this time, and metadata explaining the circumstances surrounding their collection. After these instructions are given in English, a corresponding Spanish translation is also included. The following fonts are used in this article: in the original Word document from which this file was created, I use the default Times New Roman font for the prose explanations in this introductory section; for all of the phonetically transcribed Chamicuro data forms, on the other hand, I use the Doulos SIL unicode-compliant font. The latter can be downloaded for free from the SIL International website.
What is Chamicuro, and where was it spoken?
Chamicuro is a Maipuran Arawakan language formerly spoken in and around the lowland Amazonian village of Pampa Hermosa, Peru, on the eastern bank of the lower Huallaga River, downstream (north) from Yurimaguas and upstream (south) from Lagunas. The approximate GPS coordinates for Pampa Hermosa are S524'55" and W7548'41". The village is located about 65 miles north–northeast of Yurimaguas, near a lake called Achual Tipishca, in the department of Loreto. The ISO 639-3 code for Chamicuro is ccc. The endonym (autodenomination) of the language group is [čmekd͡lo]. The population of ethnic Chamicuros currently living in Pampa Hermosa, i.e., the number of descendents of native speakers, is estimated to be between ten and twenty persons (Pozzi-Escot 1998, Adelaar 2000, Lewis 2009). The main speaker from whom I collected data on the Chamicuro language (see the section on Who provided these data?) reported that many of the Chamicuros had been carried off to Brazil to work as slaves on rubber plantations during colonial times (cf. Parker 1987).
What is the purpose of these data?
There are two main purposes for presenting these data in electronic format: (1) to document more fully what we know about the Chamicuro language by sharing them with the world, and (2) having arranged them into logical columns, it is hoped that they might be useful as a somewhat basic practical exercise on phonemic analysis in a typical linguistics course. For this reason I intentionally include only a minimal amount of formal phonological analysis in this document. Readers who are curious about how these data might best be analyzed should consult the bibliography items listed at the end of this file (after the wordlist), especially my 1988 MA thesis and the corresponding 1991 book. They are also welcome to contact me (Steve Parker) in person.
Why are these data important?
A big and important issue in the current linguistic world is language documentation, especially with respect to languages that are endangered, moribund, etc. (Himmelmann 1998). Since Chamicuro may in fact already be extinct, it is urgent to make available as much data on the language as possible. The Associated Press published an article on language death in the New York Times in 1999, focusing on Chamicuro, and reported that at that time there was only one native speaker still alive. This scenario serves as the historical background for the present work. Although quite a bit of formal analysis of Chamicuro grammar and phonology has been published, some of the data have been sitting in my unpublished field notes until now, so it is important to share them with the world in this electronic format. Before I left Peru in 1996, one of my SIL colleagues there photocopied most of my handwritten Chamicuro data and archived them with the Biblioteca Nacional and Ministerio de Educacin of Peru. See Parker (1985a, 1985b, and 1985c) in the bibliography list at the end of this paper for more details.
What other published materials on Chamicuro already
exist?
In 1987 my SIL colleague David Payne used the extant Chamicuro morphological data to demonstrate that it is a mainstream Arawakan language. Later, in a major study involving phonological correspondences among shared lexical retentions in other Arawakan languages, he established its more precise genetic classification as Western Maipuran (Payne 1991). The language most closely related to Chamicuro, in a linguistic sense, is Yanesha (formerly called Amuesha). A list of all of the other previously published works on Chamicuro (to my knowledge) is given in the bibliographic references. Three of these were published by the Peru branch of SIL and are available electronically for free download from the following website:
http://www.sil.org/americas/peru/show_pubs.asp?pubs=online&code=ccc&Lang=eng.
Who provided these data?
The primary Chamicuro speaker with whom I worked was Gregorio Orbe Caro, whose Chamicuro name is Lekoli Orwe Karo. He was 75 years old in 1985. His mother was Chamicuro, but I do not recall what, if anything, he said about the ethnicity of his father. Don Gregorio, as I called him in Spanish, was a mother tongue speaker of Chamicuro, but he also spoke Spanish and San Martn Quechua fluently. His wife, who was 64 years old in 1985, was Elisa Sangama Inuma. Both of her parents were Chamicuros, and she was also a mother tongue speaker. Together Gregorio and Elisa had several children, but the latter are probably not fluent speakers of Chamicuro; I presume that all of them communicate primarily in Spanish, as do all of their peers in Pampa Hermosa. In my work on Chamicuro I was also assisted by Alfonso Patow Chota, who at the time resided in Yurimaguas. The father of Don Alfonso, Rodolfo Patow, had been the patrn in Pampa Hermosa. Alfonso is a mother tongue speaker of Spanish, but he also understands spoken Chamicuro quite well. Don Gregorio was the Chamicuro speaker who served as the source for all of the written transcriptions I made of actual Chamicuro utterances. Don Alfonso also helped with glossing the materials in Spanish, but I did not transcribe any of his pronunciations of Chamicuro speech. Both men were paid for their services. I am indebted to them for their generous collaboration and assistance in studying Chamicuro, and wish to express my appreciation here for their help.
When were these data collected?
I personally began direct fieldwork on the Chamicuro language in September 1985, under the auspices of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, now called SIL International. At that time I worked with Gregorio and Alfonso for about one month. In 1987 I contacted them again and worked with them for several more weeks. My third and last period of elicitation was in November 1993, for just a few days.
Where were these data collected?
The sessions in 1985 and 1987 took place at the SIL center in Yarinacocha, Pucallpa, Peru. In 1993, on the other hand, I worked with Gregorio and Alfonso on location, first in Pampa Hermosa, then in Yurimaguas.
What kind of data were collected?
The total corpus of Chamicuro data I collected consists of over 1000 individual lexical items, seven texts (stories) of different genres, and extensive morphosyntactic paradigms. The former served as the primary basis for the data forms presented here. Unfortunately, as far as I am aware, no audio or video recordings of actual Chamicuro speech exist.
How were these data elicited?
In eliciting most of these materials I prompted Gregorio by pronouncing a word or phrase in Spanish, which he then translated and pronounced in Chamicuro. Alfonso helped us by ensuring that the Chamicuro utterances were the best equivalents of the corresponding Spanish expressions.
How are these data transcribed?
Immediately after Gregorio pronounced each Chamicuro word or phrase (in 1985), I wrote down both utterances (Chamicuro and Spanish) on paper, using the Americanist phonetic alphabet for the Chamicuro expressions. During the sessions in 1987 and 1993, on the other hand, I used a combination of this same phonetic alphabet and a practical phonemic orthography which I had developed in the meantime for publishing books containing Chamicuro data. In the data forms presented here I likewise use the Americanist system of phonetic transcription since that is how most of the work on Chamicuro has been published. I now list and define a few of the more unusual phonetic symbols used in the Chamicuro data later in this paper, including some of their standard equivalents in the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet).
[a] = [ɑ] = low, central, unrounded vowel
[š] = [ʃ] = voiceless alveopalatal fricative
[ṣ̌] = voiceless retroflexed alveopalatal fricative
[š̯] = voiceless laminal alveolar fricative, an allophone of /š/ before the vowel /i/
[š̯y] = voiceless palatalized laminal alveolar fricative, an allophone of /š/ before the vowel /e/
[ts] = [t͡s] = voiceless alveolar affricate
[č] = [t͡ʃ] = voiceless alveopalatal affricate
[č̣] = [t͡ṣ̌] = voiceless retroflexed alveopalatal affricate
[ƚ] = voiceless alveolar lateral fricative, a syllable-final allophone of /l/
[d͡l] = voiced alveolar lateral affricate, an optional allophone of /l/ between vowels
[ly] = [ʎ] = voiced (alveo)palatal lateral (approximant)
[] = voiced alveopalatal nasal
[y] = [j] = voiced palatal glide or approximant
[ř] = [ɾ] = voiced alveolar tap or flap (in loanwords)
[ɩ] = [ɪ] = high, front, lax, unrounded vowel, an allophone of /i/ in certain closed syllables
[x̯] = [] = voiceless palatal fricative, an optional allophone of /h/ following the vowel /i/
[W] = [w̥] = voiceless labial-velar glide (approximant), a syllable-final allophone of /w/ and /h/
[Y] = [y̥] = voiceless palatal glide (approximant), a syllable-final allophone of /y/
(i) = an abstract underlying vowel posited for phonological reasons, which is deleted in
surface forms
[aʔa] = an optional, non-phonemic, non-syllabic echo vowel (svarabhakti)
[ę] = a nasalized vowel
[V:] = [Vː] = contrastively lengthened (bimoraic) vowels
[V́] = vowels bearing primary stress
[V̀] = vowels bearing secondary stress
~ = free variation
What do these data mean?
The list of Chamicuro words and expressions presented below is displayed in an order typically used in comparative and historical linguistic work, known as a Swadesh list. These items were carefully selected so as to involve basic semantic notions shared by all languages (such as body parts), and thus are not likely to contain cultural and/or borrowed words. The list used here consists of 207 items. There also exist Swadesh lists of different sizes, such as 100 items. This list of 207 words was downloaded on February 6th, 2009, from the following URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swadesh_list.
In the glosses the following abbreviations are used:
adj adjective
esp. especie
(Spanish for species)
f feminine
lit. literally
m masculine
n noun
Q Quechua
S Spanish
sp. species
tr transitive
v verb
v. vide
(see)
The abbreviation tr indicates a verb which ends with the transitivizing suffix /-ne/. For example, item #93a, /unukne/, could be translated I eat something. Furthermore, the annotation ??? means that a native Chamicuro word for the corresponding Swadesh item probably exists, but since I did not elicit it, I cannot supply it. Finally, the symbols – – – are used to mark a few expressions which probably do not exist in Chamicuro, and therefore are either never said, or, more likely, speakers employ loanwords from Spanish and/or Quechua.
How are these data arranged?
The first (leftmost) column presents the Chamicuro words using a phonemic level of transcription. This is followed (next to the right) by a phonetic transcription, then the orthographic transcription (described previously under the heading How are these data transcribed?), then an English gloss, and finally a Spanish gloss. A few of the Spanish terms may be specific to the dialect spoken in the jungle of Peru, such as #112, mitayo (= cazo) I hunt.
How accurate and reliable are these data?
Unlike the typical SIL field program, my work eliciting Chamicuro data took place during relatively short periods of time, and with only one native speaker. Consequently, given these limitations I did not enjoy the benefits of testing my analysis and hypotheses in multiple settings over many years with numerous speakers. Therefore, I hesitate to consider these transcriptions and glosses to be absolutely conclusive, unlike those in a dictionary and/or reference grammar which represents the accumulated knowledge of several decades of in-depth fieldwork. Nevertheless, during my three sessions of contact with the Chamicuro speakers, I did have occasion to recheck much of my data — for example, in the context of isolated wordlists vs. morphophonemic paradigms vs. spontaneous texts. As a result, we can be confident that the majority of the Chamicuro forms presented here are accurate to a large degree. In those cases when I do still have doubts about the correct transcription and/or glossing, I try to indicate this by noting fluctuating pronunciations (free variation), alternative meanings, etc. In the long run it is certainly better to share the data that I do have, with appropriate caveats, than to not publish any of them at all.
What other Chamicuro data are also available on this same
website?
In addition to this file, we also plan to post at this same venue similar documents containing the following (sub)sets of Chamicuro data: (1) a list of words illustrating the three allophones of the lateral phoneme /l/; (2) a list of words illustrating the laryngeal phonemes /h/ and /ʔ/; (3) a list of words borrowed from Spanish and Quechua; (4) a set of morphophonemic paradigms; and (5) a more or less exhaustive list of all of the individual Chamicuro lexical items that I collected.
Who can use these data?
With respect to informed consent on the part of the Chamicuro speakers, when I began to work with them in 1985, this was not an ethical issue that preoccupied most of the linguistic world to the degree that it does now. Consequently, I did not prepare any type of written or recorded document to formally obtain their permanent permission to disseminate the data they provided. Nevertheless, they were aware of SILs intention to share these with the world, although, of course, at that time the Internet obviously had not yet been invented. Furthermore, in subsequent visits to Pampa Hermosa I distributed to the speakers, their families, and the village leaders several copies of the books which we had produced by that time, and no objections on the part of any of these people were ever expressed to me. Therefore, it seems reasonable to make these data freely available to the public in this format for the purposes of academic study. As far as I am concerned these data can be printed out, copied, analyzed, and used in derivative works for non-profit purposes, provided that this document is cited as the primary source, and Mr. Gregorio Orbe Caro is acknowledged as the Chamicuro speaker who provided these forms. On May 4, 2009, the Committee which oversees human subjects research carried out by members of the Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics (Dallas) granted us approval to publish this paper, as long as the disclaimers noted above are included.
What if I notice an apparent mistake in this file?
In spite of my efforts to keep these data as clean as possible, it is not unlikely that an error or two may have crept in somewhere. If a reader happens to spot something in this document which seems to be inconsistent or a mistake, please do not hesitate to report it to me, the author, at the following address: steve-monica_parker@sil.org.
Acknowledgements
I am grateful to the following colleagues (in alphabetical order) for their comments and suggestions on earlier drafts of this paper: Mike Cahill, Tom Headland, Ken Olson, Arden Sanders, Gary Simons, Mary Ruth Wise, and Tom Woodward. I also thank Mnica Parker (my wife) and Giuliana Lpez for reviewing the Spanish version of these instructions and data. Also, Jim Roberts helped me determine the precise location of Pampa Hermosa on the map, i.e., its GPS coordinates.
Introduccin
En este artculo se presenta una lista de Swadesh que contiene 207 palabras
las que ilustran el sistema fonolgico del chamicuro, una lengua del Per. En
esta seccin introductoria del manuscrito se describen los datos del chamicuro
que se presentan a continuacin. Esta descripcin incluye dos partes: (1) el
propsito que se tuvo al presentarlos en esta forma y (2) varios metadatos que
explican las circunstancias en torno a su recopilacin. Lneas arriba estas
mismas instrucciones se presentan tambin en ingls. En este artculo se
utilizan las siguientes fuentes tipogrficas: en el archivo original a partir
del cual se cre este documento (Word.doc), se utiliza por defecto la fuente Times
New Roman para las
instrucciones en esta seccin introductoria. Para transcribir los datos fonolgicos
en chamicuro, en cambio, se utiliza la fuente Doulos SIL, la cual cumple con los requisitos del
unicode. sta se puede bajar gratuitamente del sitio del ILV (SIL
International).
Qu es el
chamicuro, y dnde se hablaba?
El chamicuro es una lengua
de la familia maipur del tronco arahuaco que anteriormente se hablaba en las
cercanas del pueblo amaznico de Pampa Hermosa, Per, en la orilla oriental
del ro Bajo Huallaga, abajo (al norte) de Yurimaguas y arriba (al sur) de
Lagunas. Las coordenadas GPS aproximadas de Pampa Hermosa son Sur524'55"
y Oeste7548'41". El pueblo se ubica aproximadamente a 105 kilmetros
al nor-noreste de Yurimaguas, cerca de un lago llamado Achual Tipishca, en el
departamento de Loreto. El cdigo ISO 639-3 para el chamicuro es ccc. El endnimo (autodenominacin) que los hablantes
mismos usaban para referirse a su propio grupo y lengua es [čmekd͡lo]. La poblacin de chamicuros tnicos que
actualmente residen en Pampa Hermosa, es decir, la cantidad de descendientes de
los hablantes nativos, se estima entre diez y viente personas (Pozzi-Escot
1998, Adelaar 2000, Lewis 2009). El hablante principal quien me provey estos
datos de la lengua chamicuro (vase la seccin Quin provey estos datos?) me inform que durante la poca
colonial, muchos de los chamicuros fueron llevados como esclavos a Brasil para
trabajar en las plantaciones de caucho (cfr. Parker 1987).
Cul es el
propsito de estos datos?
Hay dos razones principales para presentar estos datos en forma electrnica:
(1) documentar de una manera ms completa lo que sabemos acerca de la lengua
chamicuro, al compartirlos con todo el mundo, y (2) al arreglarlos en columnas
lgicas, esperamos que se puedan utilizar como un ejercicio bsico y prctico
en el anlisis fonmico dentro de un curso lingstico tpico. Por este motivo
de manera intencional incluyo slo una cantidad mnima de anlisis fonolgico
formal en este documento. Si alguien quiere profundizar en el anlisis de estas
expresiones, debe consultar las referencias bibliogrficas que se enumeran al
final de este archivo, especialmente mi tesis de maestra de 1988 y el
correspondiente libro publicado en 1991. Tambin pueden comunicarse conmigo
personalmente (Steve Parker).
Por qu son
importantes estos datos?
Un tema muy importante en el mundo lingstico actual es la documentacin
de los idiomas minoritarios, sobre todo los que estn en peligro o ya en vas
de extincin, etc. (Himmelmann
1998). Dada la probabilidad
de que el chamicuro ya est extinto, es urgente que pongamos todos nuestros datos
al alcance del pblico tan pronto como sea posible. En 1999 la Associated Press
public en el New York Times un artculo sobre la muerte de las lenguas, enfocndose en el chamicuro, y
report que en ese momento exista un solo nativohablante del idioma. Esta
situacin sirve de trasfondo histrico a esta obra. Aunque ya se han publicado
bastantes anlisis formales de la gramtica y la fonologa del chamicuro,
algunos de los datos inditos se encuentran solamente en mis archivos
personales de campo. Por lo tanto, conviene que los compartamos con el mundo en
este formato electrnico. Antes de terminar mi trabajo en el Per en 1996, uno
de mis colegas all (otro miembro del ILV) sac fotocopias de la mayora de mis
datos sobre el chamicuro escritos a mano y archiv los mismos en la Biblioteca
Nacional y el Ministerio de Educacin del Per. En la lista bibliogrfica al
final de este trabajo remtase a Parker 1985a, 1985b y 1985c para mayores
detalles.
Cules son
los otros materiales publicados sobre el chamicuro que ya existen?
En 1987 uno de mis colegas del ILV, David Payne, utiliz los datos morfolgicos
existentes del chamicuro para demostrar el hecho de que es una lengua arahuaca
prototpica. Luego realiz un estudio profundo acerca de las correspondencias
fonolgicas entre el lxico comn de varios otros idiomas arahuacos y estableci
que el chamicuro pertenece ms precisamente a la rama occidental del maipur
(Payne 1991). La lengua ms cercana al chamicuro, en trminos lingsticos, es
el yanesha (que anteriormente se llamaba amuesha). Al final de este archivo se presenta una lista
de todas las dems obras previamente publicadas sobre el chamicuro (segn mi
entender). Tres de estos libros se publicaron bajo los auspicios del ILV en el
Per, y se pueden bajar gratuitamente en forma electrnica del siguiente sitio
de Internet: http://www.sil.org/americas/peru/show_pubs.asp?pubs=online&code=ccc&Lang=spa.
Quin provey
estos datos?
El hablante chamicuro quien principalmente me ayud en este trabajo fue el
seor Gregorio Orbe Caro. Su nombre chamicuro es Lekoli Orwe Karo. En el ao
1985 tena 75 aos de edad. Su madre fue de origen chamicuro, pero no me
acuerdo qu detalles me cont acerca de la filiacin tnica de su padre. Don
Gregorio, como yo sola llamarlo en espaol, era nativohablante del chamicuro,
pero tambin hablaba espaol y el quechua de San Martn a la perfeccin. Su
esposa, Elisa Sangama Inuma, tena 64 aos en 1985. Ambos padres de ella eran
de origen chamicuro, y ella tambin era nativohablante de la lengua. Gregorio y
Elisa tuvieron varios hijos, pero es probable que stos no hablen el chamicuro
con fluidez. Se supone que ellos se comunican en espaol como primera lengua,
al igual que todos los dems descendientes de los chamicuros que viven en Pampa
Hermosa actualmente. El seor Alfonso Patow Chota, quien en ese entonces viva
en Yurimaguas, tambin ayud en el estudio del chamicuro. El padre de don Alfonso,
Rodolfo Patow, haba sido el patrn en Pampa Hermosa. Alfonso hablaba el espaol
como primera lengua, pero tambin comprenda el chamicuro bastante bien cuando
Gregorio hablaba. Don Gregorio fue la nica fuente de donde se obtuvieron todas
las palabras, oraciones y textos orales que sirvieron de base a las
transcripciones escritas que hice del chamicuro oral. Al mismo tiempo, don
Alfonso nos ayud a glosar todos los materiales en espaol, pero no hice
transcripcin alguna de su pronunciacin del habla chamicuro. A ambos
caballeros les pagamos por su colaboracin. En verdad tengo una gran deuda con
los dos por su valiosa ayuda al estudiar el chamicuro, y quisiera aprovechar
esta oportunidad para reiterarles mi profunda gratitud.
Cundo se
recopilaron estos datos?
Empec a trabajar personalmente con la lengua chamicuro en septiembre del
1985, en mi calidad de miembro del Instituto Lingstico de Verano. Actualmente
esta organizacin se conoce en ingls como SIL International. En aquel tiempo trabaj con don Gregorio
y don Alfonso aproximadamente durante un mes. En 1987 me puse en contacto con
ellos nuevamente y trabajamos durante varias semanas adicionales. Mi tercera y ltima
sesin de elicitacin tuvo lugar en noviembre del 1993, durante unos das.
Dnde se
recopilaron estos datos?
Las sesiones de 1985 y 1987 se llevaron a cabo en el centro del ILV en
Yarinacocha, Pucallpa, Per. En 1993, en cambio, trabajamos in situ, primero en Pampa Hermosa, y despus en
Yurimaguas.
Qu tipos de
datos se recopilaron?
El corpus total de datos del chamicuro que elicit consiste en ms de 1000
palabras lxicas individuales, siete textos (historias) de diferentes gneros,
y extensos paradigmas morfosintcticos. sas sirvieron de base principal a los
datos que se presentan aqu. Desafortunadamente hasta donde yo s, no existe
ninguna grabacin oral ni visual del habla chamicuro viva.
Cmo se
elicitaron estos datos?
Para elicitar estos datos le deca a don Gregorio una palabra o frase en
espaol, y l traduca y pronunciaba la expresin equivalente en chamicuro. Don
Alfonso nos ayudaba escuchando atentamente para asegurarse que las expresiones
en chamicuro tuvieran las mejores expresiones equivalentes en espaol.
Cmo se han
transcrito estos datos?
A medida que don Gregorio pronunciaba cada palabra o frase en chamicuro (en
1985), yo escriba ambas expresiones (chamicuro y espaol) en papel, utilizando
el alfabeto fontico americanista para las expresiones en chamicuro. Durante
las sesiones en 1987 y 1993, sin embargo, utilic una combinacin del mismo
alfabeto fontico y una ortografa fonmica prctica que yo haba desarrollado
para publicar materiales en chamicuro. En los datos que se presentan aqu,
tambin usamos el sistema de transcripcin americanista puesto que la mayora
de las obras publicadas que incluyen datos del chamicuro emplean este sistema.
A continuacin enumeramos y definimos algunos de los smbolos fonticos que se
usan para transcribir los datos chamicuros en este artculo, incluyendo sus equivalentes
bsicos en el AFI (Alfabeto Fontico Internacional o IPA por sus siglas en ingls).
[a] = [ɑ] = vocal baja,
central, y no redondeada
[š] = [ʃ] = fricativa alveopalatal sorda
[ṣ̌] = fricativa alveopalatal
retrofleja sorda
[š̯] =
fricativa laminoalveolar sorda, un alfono de /š/ delante de la vocal /i/
[š̯y] = fricativa laminoalveolar palatalizada
sorda, un alfono de /š/
delante de la vocal /e/
[ts] = [t͡s] = africada alveolar sorda
[č] = [t͡ʃ] = africada alveopalatal sorda
[č̣] = [t͡ṣ̌] = africada alveopalatal retrofleja sorda
[ƚ] = fricativa lateral alveolar sorda, un alfono de /l/ que aparece en posicin final de slaba
[d͡l] = africada lateral alveolar sonora, un alfono
optativo de /l/ entre vocales
[ly] = [ʎ]
= lateral (alveo)palatal sonora (aproximante)
[] = nasal alveopalatal sonora
[y] = [j] = semiconsonante o
aproximante palatal sonora
[ř] = [ɾ]
= vibrante simple alveolar sonora (en las palabras prestadas)
[ɩ] = [ɪ] = vocal alta, anterior, no tensa, y no
redondeada, un alfono de /i/ en
ciertas slabas
cerradas
[x̯] = [] =
fricativa palatal sorda, un alfono optativo de /h/ despus de la vocal /i/
[W] = [w̥] = semiconsonante
(aproximante) labial-velar sorda, un alfono de /w/ y /h/ en
posicin final de slaba
[Y] = [y̥] = semiconsonante
(aproximante) palatal sorda, un alfono de /y/ en posicin final de
slaba
(i) = una vocal subyacente abstracta que se ha postulado por motivos fonolgicos,
la cual se
suprime en las formas
superficiales
[aʔa] = una vocal eco no silbica y no fonmica
optativa (svarabhakti)
[ę] = una vocal nasalizada
[V:] = [Vː] = vocales
alargadas (bimoraicas) contrastivas
[V́] = vocales que llevan un acnto fontico primario
[V̀] = vocales que llevan un acento fontico secundario
~ = variacin libre
Qu
significan estos datos?
La lista de palabras y expresiones en chamicuro que aparece a continuacin
se presenta en una forma tpica de la lingstica comparativa e histrica
conocida como lista de Swadesh. Estas palabras y frases se han seleccionado con mucho cuidado de modo que
involucran conceptos semnticos bsicos que todos los idiomas comparten, como
las partes del cuerpo. Por lo tanto, no contiene expresiones culturales que con
mucha frecuencia se prestan de otras lenguas. La lista que se emplea aqu
consiste en 207 palabras. Tambin existen listas de Swadesh de diferentes tamaos
las que contienen 100 palabras. La lista utilizada aqu se baj del internet el
6 de febrero del 2009, del siguiente sitio: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swadesh_list.
En las glosas empleamos las siguientes abreviaturas:
adj adjetivo
esp. especie de
f femenino
lit. literalmente
m masculino
n sustantivo
Q quechua
S espaol
sp. species
(ingls)
tr transitivo
v verbo
v. vide
(vase)
La abreviatura tr indica un verbo que termina con el sufijo
transitivizador /-ne/.
Por ejemplo, la palabra #93a, /unukne/,
podra traducirse como (yo) como algo. Adems, la anotacin ??? significa
que una palabra chamicuro nativa de la correspondiente expresin de Swadesh
probablemente exista, pero como no la elicit directamente, no s cmo se dice
en chamicuro. Finalmente, los smbolos – – – se usan para indicar unas cuantas
expresiones que probablemente no existan en chamicuro, y por lo tanto nunca se
dicen, o lo ms probable es que los hablantes usen prstamos del castellano o
quechua.
Cmo estn
organizados estos datos?
La primera columna a la izquierda presenta las palabras en chamicuro utilizando
un nivel de transcripcin fonmico. Despus (a la derecha) aparece la
transcripcin fontica, y luego la transcripcin ortogrfica (la que se
describe lneas arriba en el prrafo titulado Cmo se han transcrito estos
datos?). Por ltimo se da
una glosa en ingls, seguida de la glosa en espaol. Algunos de estos trminos
espaoles pertenecen a la variedad regional que se habla en la selva del Per,
tales como el #112, mitayo (yo) cazo.
Hasta qu
punto podemos confiar en que estos datos son correctos?
El trabajo que llev a cabo para elicitar datos del chamicuro fue diferente
del que se lleva a cabo para un programa de campo tpico del ILV; pues
solamente dur tiempos cortos, y cont con la ayuda de un solo hablante nativo.
Por lo tanto, debido a estas limitaciones no disfrut de los beneficios de
comprobar mi anlisis e hiptesis durante varias sesiones, por muchos aos, y
con mltiples hablantes. Como consecuencia de esta situacin, no considero que
mis transcripciones y glosas sean absolutamente concluyentes, a diferencia de
los datos que aparecen en un diccionario o gramtica que sirve de referencia y
que representa el conocimiento profundo de una lengua despus de varias dcadas
de trabajo de campo detallado. Sin embargo, durante las tres sesiones en que
tuve contacto con los hablantes del chamicuro, s pude reconfirmar la mayora
de mis datos — por ejemplo, en el contexto de listas de palabras aisladas
vs. paradigmas morfofonmicos vs. textos espontneos. En consecuencia, podemos
confiar en que la mayora de las formas del chamicuro que se presentan aqu son
correctas casi en su totalidad. En los casos en los que an tengo dudas acerca
de la transcripcin o la glosa, procuro indicar esto al anotar formas
fluctuantes (variacin libre), significados alternativos, etc. A largo plazo es
sin duda mejor compartir los datos que s tengo, con las advertencias del caso,
en vez de no publicar ninguno.
Qu otros
datos del chamicuro tambin estn disponibles en este mismo sitio de Internet?
Adems de este archivo,
tambin tenemos la intencin de colgar en este mismo lugar otros documentos
semejantes que contengan los siguientes (sub)grupos de datos del chamicuro: (1)
una lista de palabras que ilustran los tres alfonos del fonema lateral /l/;
(2) una lista de palabras que ilustran los fonemas larngeos /h/ y /ʔ/; (3) una lista de palabras prestadas del
espaol y quechua; (4) una serie de paradigmas morfofonmicos; y (5) una lista
casi exhaustiva de todas las palabras lxicas individuales del chamicuro que
recolect.
Quines
pueden usar estos datos?
Con respecto al consentimiento otorgado por los hablantes del chamicuro,
cuando empec a trabajar con ellos en 1985, este tema tico todava no haba
adquirido la importancia que ha llegado a tener actualmente. Por consiguiente,
no prepar ningn tipo de documento escrito o grabado para obtener su
consentimiento permanente a fin de diseminar los datos que ellos proveyeron.
Sin embargo, les habamos explicado la intencin que tena el ILV de compartir
estos datos pblicamente, aunque desde luego el Internet todava no exista.
Adems, en visitas posteriores que hice a Pampa Hermosa, distribuimos
ejemplares de los libros ya producidos a los hablantes, a sus familias y a los
jefes del pueblo, y ninguna de estas personas se opuso a esa situacin. Por lo
tanto, parece que es apropiado poner estos datos al libre alcance del pblico
en este formato para su respectivo estudio acadmico. En cuanto a lo que a m se
refiere, hay completa libertad de imprimir estos datos, copiarlos, analizarlos
y usarlos en obras secundarias (derivadas) sin fines de lucro, con tal que se
cite a este documento como la fuente principal, y se le reconozca al seor
Gregorio Orbe Caro como el hablante chamicuro que provey estas formas. El 4 de
mayo del 2009 en Dallas, Texas, el Comit que supervisa las investigaciones con
seres humanos llevadas a cabo por los miembros del Graduate Institute of
Applied Linguistics (Instituto Graduado de Lingstica Aplicada) aprob la
publicacin de este manuscrito, siempre y cuando se incluyan los descargos de
responsabilidad mencionados anteriormente.
Qu debo
hacer si me doy cuenta de un posible error en este archivo?
A pesar de mis esfuerzos por mantener estos datos en una forma lo ms limpia
posible, es probable que uno o dos errores se encuentren aqu todava. Si un
lector se da cuenta de que algo en este documento parece que es inconsistente o
errneo, por favor no tenga dudas de informrmelo, en mi calidad de autor, a la
siguiente direccin: steve-monica_parker@sil.org.
Agradecimientos
Agradezco a los siguientes colegas (en orden alfabtico) por sus
comentarios y sugerencias en cuanto a las versiones anteriores de este artculo:
Mike Cahill, Tom Headland, Ken Olson, Arden Sanders, Gary Simons, Mary Ruth
Wise, y Tom Woodward. Gracias tambin a Mnica Parker (mi esposa) y a Giuliana
Lpez por revisar la versin espaola de estas instrucciones y datos. Adems,
Jim Roberts me ayud a determinar la ubicacin precisa de Pampa Hermosa en el
mapa, es decir, sus coordenadas GPS.
Wordlist
|
|
phonemic |
phonetic |
orthographic |
English gloss |
Spanish gloss |
|
|
fonmica |
fontica |
ortogrfica |
glosa en ingls |
glosa en espaol |
|
1. |
/uʔti/ |
[ʔti] |
uti |
I |
yo |
|
2. |
/piʔti/ |
[pʔti]~[pʔiti] |
piti (v. 5) |
you (singular) |
t, usted |
|
3a. |
/mašana/ |
[mašna] |
mashana (v. 6a, 7) |
he/she (here) |
l/ella (aqu) |
|
3b. |
/mašata/ |
[mašta] |
mashata (v. 6b, 8b) |
he/she (that one there) |
l/ella (se, sa ah) |
|
3c. |
/mašala/ |
[mašd͡la] |
mashala (v. 8a) |
he/she, that one (distal, far away) |
l/ella, aqul,
aqulla (distal, all) |
|
4. |
/aʔti/ |
[ʔti] |
ati |
we |
nosotros, nosotras |
|
5. |
/piʔtisi/ |
[piʔtsi] |
pitisi (v. 2) |
you (plural) |
ustedes, vosotros |
|
6a. |
/mašakanana/ |
[mšakanna] |
mashakanana (v. 3a) |
they (here) |
ellos, ellas (aqu) |
|
6b. |
/mašakanata/ |
[mšakanta] |
mashakanata (v. 3b) |
they (there) |
ellos, ellas (ah) |
|
7. |
/anaʔye/ |
[anʔye] |
anaye (v. 3a, 9) |
this one |
ste, sta |
|
8a. |
/alaʔye/ |
[alʔye] |
alaye (v. 3c) |
that one |
se, sa |
|
8b. |
/ataʔye/ |
[atʔye] |
ataye (v. 3b, 10) |
that one (distal) |
aqul, aqulla |
|
9. |
/anaʔšana/ |
[naʔšna]~[anʔšna] |
anashana (v. 7,
201) |
here |
aqu, ac |
|
10. |
/ataʔšana/ |
[taʔšna]~[atʔšna] |
atashana (v. 8b,
201) |
there |
all, all |
|
11. |
/naʔšanana/ |
[nʔšanna] |
nashanana |
who? |
quin? |
|
12. |
/kahnena/ |
[kahnna] |
kajnena |
what? |
qu? |
|
13. |
/naʔyeni/ |
[naʔyni] |
nayeni |
where? |
dnde, adnde? |
|
14. |
/naʔkolyaye/ |
[nʔkolyye] |
nakolyaye |
when? |
cundo? |
|
15. |
/naʔna/ |
[nʔna] |
nana |
how? |
cmo? |
|
16. |
/kala/ |
[kd͡la] |
kala (v. 192) |
no, not, nothing, negative |
no, nada, negativo |
|
17. |
/tiliška/ |
[tilška] |
tilishka |
all |
todo(s) |
|
18. |
/maʔša/ |
[mʔša] |
masha |
many, a lot,
sufficient |
mucho(s),
bastante(s), suficiente(s) |
|
19. |
/pahnakana/ |
[phnakna] |
pajnakana (v. 21) |
some |
alguno(s) |
|
20. |
/naspehka/ |
[nasphka] |
naspejka |
few, a little bit, a piece of |
poco(s),
poquito, un pedazo de |
|
21. |
/pahna/ |
[phna] |
pajna (v. 19) |
other, another |
otro |
|
22. |
/palaka/ |
[pad͡lka] |
palaka |
one (number) |
uno (nmero) |
|
23. |
/maʔpohta/ |
[maʔphta]~[maʔaphta] |
mapojta (v. 25) |
two |
dos |
|
24. |
/kilko/ |
[kɩ́ƚko] |
kilko |
three |
tres |
|
25. |
/maʔpohtaʔmala/ |
[maʔphtaʔmd͡la]~ [maʔaphtaʔmd͡la] |
mapojtamala (v.
23) |
four |
cuatro |
|
26. |
/pička/ |
[pčka] (Q) |
pichka |
five |
cinco |
|
27. |
/ṣ̌ohta/ |
[ṣ̌hta] |
s̈hojta |
big |
grande |
|
28. |
/plawa/ |
[plwa] |
plawa |
long |
largo |
|
29. |
/naʔteštehka/ |
[nʔtešthka] |
nateshtejka |
wide |
ancho |
|
30a. |
/ṣ̌awkolo/ |
[ṣ̌awkd͡lo]~[ṣ̌aWkd͡lo] |
s̈hawkolo (v.
53) |
thick (e.g. stick) |
grueso (p. ej.
palo) |
|
30b. |
/tikiʔtsa/ |
[tikʔtsa] |
tikitsa |
thick (liquid) |
espeso (lquido) |
|
31. |
/pwawa/~/wawa/ |
[pwwa]~[wwa] |
pwawa~wawa |
heavy |
pesado |
|
32a. |
/naʔyehčoma/ |
[nʔyehčma] |
nayejchoma (v. 33) |
small, short |
pequeo, chico,
corto |
|
32b. |
/sulu/ |
[sd͡lu] |
sulu |
small (e.g. rock) |
pequeo (p. ej.
piedra) |
|
33. |
/naʔyehčoma/ |
[nʔyehčma] |
nayejchoma (v.
32a) |
small, short |
pequeo, chico,
corto |
|
34. |
/tsikiʔna/ |
[tsikʔna]~[tsikʔina] |
tsikina |
narrow |
estrecho |
|
35a. |
/naʔsekolohka/ |
[nʔsekolhka] |
nasekolojka |
thin |
delgado, flaco |
|
35b. |
/mapesipili/ |
[mapsipli] |
mapesipili |
slender, thin, fine |
fino, delgado |
|
36. |
/molota/ |
[mod͡lta] |
molota |
woman, female |
mujer, hembra |
|
37. |
/yelna/ |
[yɛ́ƚna] |
yelna (v. 41) |
man, male, husband |
hombre, varn, esposo, marido |
|
38. |
??? |
??? |
??? |
Man (human being) |
hombre, ser humano |
|
39. |
/meploneye/ |
[mplonye] |
meploneye |
child (m) |
nio, muchacho (m) |
|
40. |
/ulyaʔlo/ |
[ulyʔlo]~[ulyʔalo] |
ulyalo |
my wife |
mi esposa |
|
41. |
/welnaʔte/ |
[wɛƚnʔte] |
welnate (v. 37) |
my husband |
mi esposo, mi
marido |
|
42a. |
/waʔyihku/ |
[waʔyhku]~[waʔyx̯ku] |
wayijku |
my mother (of a
male) |
mi madre, mi
mam (de un hombre) |
|
42b. |
/umawtuke/ |
[mawtke]~[maWtke] |
umawtuke |
my mother (of a female) |
mi madre, mi
mam (de una mujer) |
|
43a. |
/uʔṣ̌amane/ |
[ʔṣ̌amne] |
us̈hamane |
my father (of a
male) |
mi padre, mi
pap (de un hombre) |
|
43b. |
/uskawna/ |
[uskwna]~[uskWna] |
uskawna |
my father (of a female) |
mi padre, mi
pap (de una mujer) |
|
44. |
/animal/ |
[nimƚ] (S) |
animal |
animal |
animal |
|
45. |
/awači/ |
[awči] |
awachi |
fish |
pez, pescado |
|
46. |
/čisti/ |
[čsti] |
chisti |
bird |
ave, pjaro |
|
47. |
/maʔnali/ |
[maʔnd͡li]~[maʔanli] |
manali |
dog |
perro |
|
48. |
/nihpa/ |
[nhpa]~[nx̯pa] |
nijpa |
louse |
piojo |
|
49. |
/sokopleye/ |
[skoplye] |
sokopleye |
snake |
culebra, serpiente |
|
50. |
/taykonono/ |
[tykonno]~[tYkonno] |
taykonono |
worm |
lombriz |
|
51. |
/čenaʔto/ |
[čenʔto] |
chenato |
tree |
rbol |
|
52. |
/mačewa/ |
[mačwa] |
machewa |
forest |
bosque |
|
53. |
/časkolo/ |
[časklo]~[časkd͡lo] |
chaskolo (v. 30a) |
stick (n) |
palo |
|
54. |
/sokahki/ |
[sokhki] |
sokajki |
fruit |
fruta |
|
55. |
/ihki/ |
[hki]~[x̯ki] |
ijki |
seed |
semilla |
|
56. |
/čihpana/ |
[čihpna]~[čix̯pna] |
chijpana |
leaf |
hoja |
|
57. |
/ihtiši/ |
[ihtš̯i]~[ix̯tš̯i] |
ijtishi |
(its) root |
(su) raz |
|
58. |
/iṣ̌o:pa/ |
[iṣ̌:pa] |
is̈hoopa |
(its) bark |
(su) corteza, (su) cscara |
|
59. |
/čepeka/ |
[čepka] |
chepeka |
flower |
flor |
|
60. |
/č̣omahši/ |
[č̣omhš̯i] |
c̈homajshi |
grass |
hierba |
|
61a. |
/mespihča/ |
[mesphča] |
mespijcha |
rope |
soga |
|
61b. |
/wampi/ |
[wmpi] |
wampi |
rope |
soga |
|
62. |
/ṣ̌ama/ |
[ṣ̌ma] |
s̈hama |
skin, leather |
piel, cuero |
|
63. |
/pekano/ |
[pekno] |
pekano |
meat, flesh |
carne |
|
64. |
/i:la/ |
[:la] |
iila |
blood, resin |
sangre, resina |
|
65. |
/kahpu/ |
[khpu] |
kajpu |
bone |
hueso |
|
66. |
/wuhsi/ |
[whsi] |
wujsi |
my fat |
mi grasa |
|
67. |
/elo/ |
[lo] |
elo |
egg |
huevo |
|
68. |
/č̣epa/ |
[č̣pa] |
c̈hepa |
horn |
cuerno |
|
69. |
/iši/ |
[š̯i] |
ishi |
tail |
cola, rabo |
|
70. |
/pwaye/ |
[pwye] |
pwaye |
feather, body hair |
pluma, vello |
|
71. |
/šenu/ |
[š̯ynu] |
shenu |
hair |
pelo, cabello |
|
72. |
/kaš(i)ki/ |
[kš̯ki] |
kashki |
head; prow, bow (of a canoe) |
cabeza; proa
(de una canoa) |
|
73. |
/čayi/ |
[čyi] |
chayi |
ear |
oreja |
|
74. |
/ohki/ |
[hki] |
ojki |
eye |
ojo |
|
75. |
/kulu/ |
[kd͡lu] |
kulu |
nose |
nariz |
|
76. |
/awana/ |
[awna] |
awana |
mouth |
boca |
|
77. |
/ahsi/ |
[hsi] |
ajsi |
tooth |
diente, muela |
|
78. |
/menu/ |
[mnu] |
menu |
tongue |
lengua |
|
79. |
/š(i)to/ |
[š̯t] |
shto |
fingernail, claw |
ua, garra |
|
80. |
/kuhtu/ |
[khtu] |
kujtu |
foot, paw |
pie, pata |
|
81. |
/koselo/ |
[koslo] |
koselo |
leg |
pierna |
|
82. |
/meloʔti/ |
[med͡lʔti] |
meloti |
knee |
rodilla |
|
83. |
/šihpa/ |
[š̯x̯pa] |
shijpa |
hand |
mano |
|
84. |
/piš(i)le/ |
[pš̯le] |
pishle |
wing |
ala |
|
85. |
/syeʔki/ |
[syʔki] |
syeki |
belly |
barriga, vientre |
|
86. |
/ač̣oleʔč̣a/ |
[č̣olʔč̣a]~[č̣od͡lʔč̣a] |
ac̈holec̈ha |
guts, intestines |
intestinos, entraas, tripas |
|
87. |
/č̣ano/ |
[č̣no] |
c̈hano |
neck |
cuello |
|
88. |
/tusna/ |
[tsna] |
tusna |
back (n) |
espalda |
|
89. |
/teni/ |
[tni] |
teni |
breast |
seno |
|
90. |
/ahkelohki/ |
[hked͡lhki] |
ajkelojki |
heart |
corazn |
|
91. |
/ohpana/ |
[ohpna] |
ojpana |
liver |
hgado |
|
92. |
/ulahpi/ |
[ulhpi]~[ud͡lhpi] |
ulajpi |
I drink |
bebo, tomo |
|
93a. |
/unukne/ |
[unkne] |
unukne |
I eat (tr) |
como (v) (tr) |
|
93b. |
/unu:ṣ̌apeʔti/ |
[un:ṣ̌apʔti] |
unuus̈hapeti |
I eat |
como (v) |
|
94. |
/ukeši/ |
[ukš̯i] |
ukeshi |
I bite |
muerdo |
|
95. |
/utsuhkuʔti/ |
[tsuhkʔti] |
utsujkuti |
I suck |
chupo (v) |
|
96. |
/ukaʔčeʔti/ |
[kaʔčʔti] |
ukacheti |
I spit |
escupo |
|
97. |
/uhkahki/ |
[uhkhki] |
ujkajki |
I vomit |
vomito |
|
98a. |
/wahti/ |
[whti] |
wajti |
I blow (an
instrument) |
soplo
(v) (un instrumento) |
|
98b. |
/wawuṣ̌ki/ |
[wawṣ̌ki] |
wawus̈hki |
I blow |
soplo (v) |
|
99. |
/waʔmusi/ |
[waʔmsi] |
wamusi |
I breathe |
respiro |
|
100. |
/ula:ti/ |
[ul:ti] |
ulaati |
I laugh |
me ro |
|
101. |
/unisi/ |
[unsi] |
unisi |
I see |
veo |
|
102. |
/ukeʔmi/ |
[ukʔmi] |
ukemi |
I hear |
oigo |
|
103. |
/uʔtale/ |
[uʔtd͡le] |
utale |
I know it |
lo s |
|
104. |
/uhtačaskiti/ |
[htačaskti] |
ujtachaskiti |
I think, remember |
pienso, me acuerdo |
|
105. |
/waʔmuhti/ |
[waʔmhti] |
wamujti |
I smell |
huelo |
|
106. |
/uṣ̌amu:ti/ |
[ṣ̌am:ti] |
us̈hamuuti |
I fear, am afraid |
temo, tengo miedo |
|
107. |
/umaki/ |
[umki] |
umaki |
I sleep |
duermo |
|
108. |
/uhsepihti/ |
[hsephti]~[hsepx̯ti] |
ujsepijti |
I live |
vivo (v) |
|
109. |
/ušeleʔti/ |
[š̯yelʔti] |
usheleti |
I die |
muero |
|
110. |
/waškalaʔti/ |
[wškalʔti] |
washkalati |
I kill |
mato |
|
111. |
/usepyoʔti/ |
[sepyʔti] |
usepyoti |
I fight |
peleo |
|
112. |
/upayaksweʔti/ |
[upyakswʔti] |
upayaksweti |
I hunt |
cazo, mitayo |
|
113a. |
/waš(i)pehki/ |
[waš̯phki] |
washpejki |
I hit, beat |
pego, golpeo |
|
113b. |
/waṣ̌toṣ̌ki/ |
[waṣ̌tṣ̌ki] |
was̈htos̈hki |
I hit |
pego, golpeo |
|
114. |
/utosi/ |
[utsi] |
utosi (v. 115b) |
I cut |
corto (v) |
|
115a. |
/utopataʔti/ |
[utpatʔti] |
utopatati |
I split |
parto, hiendo |
|
115b. |
/utospatašni/ |
[utspatšni] |
utospatashni (v. 114) |
I split |
parto, hiendo |
|
116. |
??? |
??? |
??? |
I stab |
apualo |
|
117. |
/umahšeʔti/ |
[mahš̯yʔti] |
umajsheti |
I scratch, scrape |
rasco,
raspo |
|
118. |
/ukiʔti/ |
[ukʔti] |
ukiti |
I dig |
cavo |
|
119. |
/wasaʔti/ |
[wasʔti] |
wasati |
I swim |
nado |
|
120. |
/wasiski/ |
[wasski] |
wasiski |
I fly |
vuelo (v) |
|
121. |
/uč̣oni/ |
[uč̣ni] |
uc̈honi |
I walk |
camino, ando |
|
122. |
/uneni/ |
[unni] |
uneni |
I come |
vengo |
|
123a. |
/uṣ̌olti/ |
[uṣ̌ƚti] |
us̈holti (v.
136b) |
I throw, cast; I lie (myself) down |
echo, tiro; me
echo, me acuesto |
|
123b. |
/uhṣ̌one/ |
[uhṣ̌ne] |
ujs̈hone |
I (tell a) lie |
miento |
|
124. |
/ukoʔč̣omaʔti/ |
[ukʔč̣omʔti] |
ukoc̈homati |
I sit (down) |
me siento
(sentarse) |
|
125. |
/waštimi/ |
[waštmi] |
washtimi |
I stand (up) |
me paro |
|
126. |
/wewukne/ |
[wewkne] |
wewukne |
I turn, twist (tr) |
tuerzo (tr) |
|
127. |
/waliki/ |
[walki]~[wad͡lki] |
waliki |
I fall (down) |
me caigo |
|
128. |
/woʔti/ |
[wʔti] |
woti |
I give |
doy |
|
129. |
/wačikne/ |
[wačkne] |
wachikne |
I hold, have, grab
(tr) |
tengo, agarro (tr) |
|
130. |
/weptaʔti/ |
[weptʔti] |
weptati |
I squeeze, squish, mash |
aprieto, aplasto, machaco |
|
131. |
/umatiliʔti/ |
[umtilʔti] |
umatiliti |
I rub |
froto |
|
132a. |
/watoṣ̌amahti/ |
[wtoṣ̌amhti] |
watos̈hamajti |
I wash (clothing) |
lavo (ropa) |
|
132b. |
/uṣ̌kokne/ |
[uṣ̌kkne] |
us̈hkokne |
I wash (e.g. cooking pot) (tr) |
lavo (p. ej.
olla) (tr) |
|
132c. |
/ukamani/ |
[kamni] |
ukamani |
I wash, bathe
(myself) |
me lavo, me bao |
|
133. |
/utilišne/ |
[tilšne] |
utilishne |
I wipe, clean (tr) |
limpio (v) (tr) |
|
134. |
/ušiṣ̌ulti/ |
[š̯iṣ̌ʊ́ƚti] |
ushis̈hulti |
I pull |
jalo |
|
135. |
/upamoṣ̌oṣ̌ki/ |
[upmoṣ̌ṣ̌ki] |
upamos̈hos̈hki |
I push |
empujo |
|
136a. |
/ulaṣ̌ki/ |
[ulṣ̌ki] |
ulas̈hki |
I throw away |
boto |
|
136b. |
/uṣ̌olti/ |
[uṣ̌ƚti] |
us̈holti (v.
123a) |
I throw, cast; I lie (myself) down |
echo, tiro; me
echo, me acuesto |
|
137. |
/weš(i)tihki/ |
[weš̯thki]~[weš̯tx̯ki] |
weshtijki |
I tie (up) |
amarro, ato |
|
138. |
/upasi/ |
[upsi] |
upasi |
I sew |
coso |
|
139. |
/utohki/ |
[uthki] |
utojki |
I count |
cuento (v) |
|
140. |
/uhtoki/ |
[uhtki]~[uWtki] |
ujtoki |
I say |
digo |
|
141. |
/wusmi/ |
[wsmi] |
wusmi |
I sing |
canto (v) |
|
142. |
/uṣ̌akatukuluʔti/ |
[uṣ̌katkulʔti] |
us̈hakatukuluti |
I play |
juego (v) |
|
143. |
/waʔmahki/ |
[waʔmhki] |
wamajki |
I float |
floto |
|
144. |
??? |
??? |
??? |
flow |
fluir |
|
145. |
/upaʔwašmeʔsakne/ |
[paʔwšmeʔskne] |
upawashmesakne |
I freeze, I cool (off) (tr) |
me congelo, me enfro (tr) |
|
146. |
/waš(i)ni/ |
[wš̯ni] |
washni |
I swell (up) |
me hincho |
|
147. |
/moʔsohko/ |
[moʔshko] |
mosojko |
sun |
sol |
|
148. |
/sekoli/ |
[sekli]~[sekd͡li] |
sekoli |
moon |
luna |
|
149. |
/katepulu/ |
[ktepd͡lu] |
katepulu |
star |
estrella |
|
150. |
/unihsa/ |
[unhsa]~[unx̯sa] |
unijsa |
water |
agua |
|
151. |
/ke:ni/ |
[k:ni] |
keeni |
rain |
lluvia |
|
152. |
/maneli/ |
[manli] |
maneli |
river |
ro |
|
153. |
/saʔpu/ |
[sʔpu] |
sapu |
lake |
lago, cocha |
|
154. |
– –
– |
– –
– |
– –
– |
sea |
mar |
|
155. |
/mamola/ |
[mamd͡la] |
mamola |
salt |
sal |
|
156. |
/čena/ |
[čna] |
chena |
stone, rock |
piedra |
|
157. |
/maṣ̌kohpe/ |
[maṣ̌khpe] |
mas̈hkojpe |
sand, beach |
arena, playa |
|
158. |
/ihpe/ |
[hpe]~[x̯pe] |
ijpe (v. 168) |
dust |
polvo |
|
159. |
/č̣ihta/ |
[č̣hta]~[č̣x̯ta] |
c̈hijta |
earth, ground, lot |
tierra, suelo,
terreno |
|
160. |
/polawaʔti/ |
[pd͡lawʔti] |
polawati |
cloud |
nube |
|
161. |
/pu:ya/ |
[p:ya] |
puuya |
fog, mist |
neblina |
|
162. |
/ikehta/ |
[ikhta] |
ikejta |
sky |
cielo |
|
163. |
/timili/ |
[timli] |
timili |
wind, air, breeze |
viento, aire, brisa |
|
164. |
– –
– |
– –
– |
– –
– |
snow |
nieve |
|
165. |
– –
– |
– –
– |
– –
– |
ice |
hielo |
|
166. |
/kawsa/ |
[kwsa]~[kWsa] |
kawsa |
smoke |
humo |
|
167. |
/kahči/ |
[khči] |
kajchi (v. 168) |
fire, firewood |
fuego, candela, lea |
|
168. |
/kahčihpe/ |
[kahčhpe]~[kahčx̯pe] |
kajchijpe (v. 158,
167) |
ash(es) |
ceniza(s) |
|
169. |
/učehki/ |
[učhki] |
uchejki |
I burn |
quemo, ardo |
|
170a. |
??? |
??? |
??? |
road, street |
calle, carretera |
|
170b. |
/ahtini/ |
[ahtni] |
ajtini |
path, trail |
camino, trocha |
|
171. |
/tisna/ |
[tsna] |
tisna |
hill, mountaintop |
cerro, cima de un cerro |
|
172. |
/če:wa/ |
[č:wa] |
cheewa |
red |
rojo |
|
173. |
/ihsuʔpa/ |
[ihsʔpa]~[ix̯sʔpa] |
ijsupa |
green |
verde |
|
174. |
/kaʔčakamawa/ |
[kaʔčkamwa] |
kachakamawa |
yellow |
amarillo |
|
175. |
/kamalawa/ |
[kmalwa]~[kmad͡lwa] |
kamalawa |
white |
blanco |
|
176. |
/kosewa/ |
[koswa] |
kosewa |
black |
negro |
|
177. |
/čpolyaye/ |
[čpolyye] |
chpolyaye |
night, dark |
noche, oscuro |
|
178. |
/senesyako/ |
[snesyko] |
senesyako |
day |
da |
|
179. |
/wata/ |
[wta] (Q) |
wata |
year |
ao |
|
180. |
/čpelo/ |
[čplo]~[čpd͡lo] |
chpelo |
hot (temperature) |
caliente, clido |
|
181. |
/meʔsawa/ |
[meʔswa] |
mesawa (v. 145) |
cold (adj) |
fro (adj) |
|
182. |
/si:la/ |
[s:la] |
siila |
full |
lleno |
|
183. |
/peswatalo/ |
[pswatd͡lo] |
peswatalo |
new, fresh |
nuevo, fresco |
|
184. |
/šašaka/ |
[šaška] |
shashaka |
old, adult, elderly; big (e.g. rock) |
viejo,
adulto, anciano; grande (p. ej. piedra) |
|
185. |
/pewa/ |
[pwa] |
pewa |
good, better |
bueno, mejor |
|
186. |
/mačewa/ |
[mačwa] |
machewa (v. 200) |
bad, ugly |
malo, feo |
|
187. |
/iṣ̌ahpasi/ |
[ṣ̌ahpsi] |
is̈hajpasi |
rotten; its
rotting |
podrido; se est pudriendo |
|
188. |
/paʔsawa/ |
[paʔswa] |
pasawa |
dirty |
sucio |
|
189. |
/nanatolo/ |
[nnatd͡lo] |
nanatolo (v. 196) |
straight, correct |
recto, derecho, correcto |
|
190. |
/naʔtepelehka/ |
[nʔtepelhka] |
natepelejka |
round, circle |
redondo, crculo |
|
191. |
/aʔso:wa/ |
[aʔs:wa] |
asoowa (v. 192) |
sharp(ness) |
(tiene) filo |
|
192. |
/kala aʔso:wa/ |
[kd͡la aʔs:wa] |
kala asoowa (v. 16, 191) |
dull, not sharp |
no (tiene) filo, desafilado |
|
193. |
/pyaʔsino/ |
[pyaʔsno] |
pyasino |
smooth, flat |
liso, plano |
|
194. |
/sawa/ |
[swa] |
sawa |
wet |
mojado |
|
195. |
/pošewa/ |
[poš̯ywa] |
poshewa |
dry |
seco |
|
196. |
/nanatolo/ |
[nnatd͡lo] |
nanatolo (v. 189) |
straight, correct |
recto, derecho, correcto |
|
197. |
/aʔlotsiʔta/ |
[ʔlotsʔta] |
alotsita |
near, nearby |
cerca |
|
198. |
/taʔwohko/ |
[taʔwhko] |
tawojko |
far (away) |
lejos |
|
199. |
/upyaʔyepaʔte/ |
[upyʔyepʔte] |
upyayepate (v.
200) |
right (arm)=(lit. my good/my valid one) |
(brazo)
derecho=(lit. mi bueno/mi vlido) |
|
200. |
/umačeʔyepaʔte/ |
[mačʔyepʔte] |
umacheyepate (v. 186, 199) |
left (arm)=(lit. my bad/my useless one) |
(brazo)
izquierdo=(lit. mi malo/mi intil) |
|
201. |
/-šana/~/-šanaye/ |
[-šna]~[-šanye] |
-shana~-shanaye (v. |
at, to, in, on (locative) |
a, en (locativo) |
|
202. |
/-šana/~/-šanaye/ |
[-šna]~[-šanye] |
-shana~-shanaye (v. 201) |
at, to, in, on (locative) |
a, en (locativo) |
|
203. |
/-musta/ |
[-msta] |
-musta |
with |
con |
|
204. |
??? |
??? |
??? |
and |
y |
|
205. |
??? |
??? |
??? |
if |
si |
|
206. |
??? |
??? |
??? |
because |
porque |
|
207. |
/uhsi/ |
[hsi] |
ujsi |
my name |
mi nombre |
Bibliography
references involving Chamicuro data
Referencias
bibliogrficas que incluyen datos del chamicuro
Works by Steve Parker (the double asterisks ** mark items available from the SIL Peru website):
Obras escritas
por Steve Parker (los asteriscos dobles ** indican publicaciones disponibles
del sitio de Internet del ILV en el Per):
1985a. Paradigmas de la frase nominal en
chamicuro. Informacin de Campo 592. 36 pp. (English title: Noun
phrase paradigms in Chamicuro.)
1985b. Paradigmas de la frase verbal en chamicuro
(ms de mil paradigmas en cuatro grupos). Informacin de Campo 593. 53
pp. (English title: Verb phrase paradigms in Chamicuro (more than one
thousand paradigms in four groups).)
1985c. Cuentos de los chamicuro: seis textos. Informacin
de Campo 594. 28 pp. (English title: Chamicuro stories: six texts.)
**1987. Kana achataka ijnachale kana chamekolo (Vocabulario y textos chamicuro). Comunidades y Culturas Peruanas, 21. Yarinacocha, Pucallpa, Peru: Ministerio de Educacin and Instituto Lingstico de Verano. (English title: Chamicuro texts and vocabulary.)
1988. Some universal aspects of coalescence processes confirmed by Chamicuro phonology and morphology. M.A. thesis. University of Texas at Arlington.
1989. The sonority grid in Chamicuro phonology. Linguistic Analysis 19:3–58.
1990. Laminal
sibilants in Chamicuro. In Robert A. Dooley and John Clifton (eds.), Work
Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota
Session 34, 59–74. Grand Forks, ND: Summer Institute of
Linguistics.
**1991. Estudios sobre la fonologa del chamicuro. Serie Lingstica Peruana, 30. Yarinacocha, Pucallpa, Peru: Instituto Lingstico de Verano. (English title: Studies in Chamicuro phonology.)
1992. Geminate
alterability: another OCP violation. Linguistic Analysis 22:246–250.
**1994a. Datos adicionales del idioma chamicuro. Documento de Trabajo, 25. Yarinacocha,
Pucallpa, Peru: Ministerio de Educacin and Instituto Lingstico de Verano.
(English title: Additional data from the Chamicuro language.)
1994b. Laryngeal codas in Chamicuro. International Journal of American Linguistics 60:261–271.
1995. Chamicuro laterals: a case for radical underspecification. Lingua 97:195–210.
1998. Notes on determiners in Chamicuro. Notes on Linguistics 80:8–22.
1999. On the behavior of definite articles in Chamicuro. Language 75:552–562.
2001. Non-optimal onsets in Chamicuro: an inventory maximised in coda position. Phonology 18:361–386.
2009. The transparency and density of phonological rule interactions. Linguistic Typology 13:197–265.
Works by David L. Payne:
Obras escritas por David L. Payne:
1987. Some
morphological elements of Maipuran Arawakan: agreement affixes and the genitive
construction. Language
Sciences 9:57–75.
1991. A
classification of Maipuran (Arawakan) languages based on shared lexical
retentions. In Desmond C. Derbyshire and Geoffrey K. Pullum (eds.), Handbook
of Amazonian languages 3, 355–499.
Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
A work by the Associated Press:
Una obra escrita
por la Associated Press:
1999. With world opening up, languages are losers. The New York Times, May 16, 17.
Works by other people:
Obras escritas por otras personas:
Adelaar,
Willem F. H. 2000. La diversidad
lingstica y la extincin de las lenguas. In F. Queixals and O. Renault-Lescure (eds.), As
lnguas amaznicas hoje, 29–36. So Paulo: Institut de Recherche pour le Dveloppement,
Instituto Socioambiental, and Museu Paraense Emlio Goeldi. (English
title: Linguistic diversity and the extinction of languages.)
Lewis, M. Paul (ed.),
2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the world.
Sixteenth edition. Dallas: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com/.
Pozzi-Escot, Ins. 1998. El multilingismo
en el Per. Biblioteca de
la Tradicin Oral Andina no. 17. Cuzco, Peru: Centro de Estudios Regionales
Andinos Bartolom de Las Casas, Programa de Formacin en Educacin
Intercultural Bilinge para los Pases Andinos. (English title: Multilingualism
in Peru.)
Another reference (not about Chamicuro specifically):
Otra referencia
(no trata del chamicuro en particular):
Himmelmann, Nikolaus. 1998. Documentary and descriptive linguistics. Linguistics 36:161–195.