Conjoining Strategies of the Bwaidoka Language
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Not Available Online
Date Created:
2013-09
Extent:
65 pages
Publication Status:
Draft (posted 'as is' without peer review)
Table of Contents:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 4
2. ADDITIVE CONJOINING STRATEGIES ........................................................................................................ 4
2.1. ADDITIVE CONJUNCTION KE ‘AND’ .................................................................................................................... 4
2.1.1. ke linking NPs ........................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1.2. ke linking clauses ...................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.2.1. ke linking closely related actions ......................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.2.2. ke linking cause and effect clauses ...................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.2.3. ke linking a purpose clause ................................................................................................................................... 7
2.2. ADDITIVE CONJUNCTION ADA ‘AND’ .................................................................................................................. 7
2.2.1. ada linking NPs and NPS with clauses ..................................................................................................... 7
2.2.2. ada linking clauses ................................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.2.1. ada linking clauses of equal status ....................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.3. ada linking sentences ................................................................................................................................ 9
2.3. ADA AND KE ‘AND’ IN THE SAME SENTENCE ...................................................................................................... 10
2.3.1. Alternating ada and ke ............................................................................................................................ 10
2.3.2. ada and ke functioning together .............................................................................................................. 10
2.4. ACCOMPANITIVE NODI ...................................................................................................................................... 11
2.5 COMITATIVE WA- ............................................................................................................................................... 12
2.6. KADUWE ‘ALSO’ ............................................................................................................................................... 13
2.5.1. kaduwe on the phrase level ..................................................................................................................... 13
2.5.2. kaduwe on the clause level ...................................................................................................................... 13
2.5.3. kaduwe on the sentence level .................................................................................................................. 14
2.7. JUXTAPOSITION ONLY, WITH NO CONJUNCTION ................................................................................................ 15
2.6.1. Serial verbs .............................................................................................................................................. 15
2.6.2. Verbs repeated indicating duration of action .......................................................................................... 16
2.6.3. Directional verb phrases ......................................................................................................................... 18
2.6.4 Reason clauses with fai-na ‘basis-3sIA’ occurring clause final ............................................................... 18
2.8. TAIL-HEAD LINKAGE ........................................................................................................................................ 19
3. DEVELOPMENTAL MARKER ‘E’ ................................................................................................................. 20
3.1. E ‘DM’ SIGNALLING MOVING ON TO THE NEXT DEVELOPMENTAL UNIT ............................................................. 20
3.2. E ‘DM’ INDICATING A SHIFT FROM BACKGROUND INFORMATION TO EVENTLINE, AND VICE VERSA .................. 21
3.3. E ‘DM’ LENGTHENED INDICATING A LENGTHY ACTION .................................................................................... 23
3.4. E ‘DM’ USED IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ....................................................................................................... 23
3.5 DISTRIBUTION OF E ‘DM’ OVER A NARRATIVE .................................................................................................. 23
4. CONJUNCTION AKU INDICATING A SWITCH ........................................................................................... 25
4.1. AKU LINKING CLAUSES ...................................................................................................................................... 25
4.1.1. aku linking descriptive phrases and clauses on the concrete level .......................................................... 25
4.1.2. aku linking clauses on the abstract level, presenting contrast................................................................. 26
4.1.3. aku linking clauses and indicating simultaneous actions ....................................................................... 27
4.1.4. aku as a clitic .......................................................................................................................................... 28
4.2. AKU INTRODUCING SENTENCES ........................................................................................................................ 29
5. TURNING POINT CONJUNCTION AYO ....................................................................................................... 30
5.1. AYO INDICATING A TURNING POINT IN A SEQUENCE OF EVENTS ......................................................................... 30
5.2. AYO INDICATING TURNING POINT IN ACTIONS PERFORMED INDICATING RESULT ................................................ 31
5.3 AYO ENDING QUESTION CLAUSES........................................................................................................................ 32
6. ALTERNATIVE CONJUNCTION O ‘OR’, KAI ‘OR’ AND O KAI ‘OR’ ..................................................... 33
6.1. O ‘OR’ .............................................................................................................................................................. 33
6.2. KAI ‘POSSIBILITY’ ............................................................................................................................................. 34
6.3. O KAI ‘OR POSSIBLY’ ........................................................................................................................................ 34
7. PURPOSE CLAUSES .......................................................................................................................................... 35
7.1. WITH KE ‘AND’ ................................................................................................................................................. 35
3
7.2. WITH A ZERO CONNECTOR ................................................................................................................................ 36
8. REASON-RESULT SENTENCES ..................................................................................................................... 37
8.1. FAINA ‘BECAUSE’ (LITERALLY ‘BASIS-3SIA’) .................................................................................................... 37
8.1.1. faina with a grammatically simple reason, forming a possessive NP ...................................................... 37
8.1.2. faina linking clauses ................................................................................................................................ 38
8.1.3. faina linking sentences ............................................................................................................................ 39
8.2. VUVUNA ‘BASE-3SIA’ ....................................................................................................................................... 40
8.3. AGA ‘THEN’ INTRODUCING RESULT CLAUSE ..................................................................................................... 41
8.4. TAIDEI/TAINEI FAINA ‘THIS/THAT BASIS-3SIA’ LINKING SENTENCES .................................................................. 42
9. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS ............................................................................................................. 43
9.1. VAITA ‘AS IF’ ..................................................................................................................................................... 43
9.1.1. vaita as a complementizer........................................................................................................................ 43
9.1.2. vaita following desiderative or speech verbs ........................................................................................... 44
9.1.2.1. vaita following desiderative verbs ...................................................................................................................... 44
9.1.2.2. vaita following speech verbs to introduce indirect speech ................................................................................. 44
9.1.3. vaita expressing similarities .................................................................................................................... 45
9.1.4. vaita used to introduce a contrafactive clause ........................................................................................ 45
9.2. ANAFAIWEYA ‘LIKE’ ........................................................................................................................................... 46
9.2.1. anafaiweya linking a list .......................................................................................................................... 47
9.2.2. anafaiweya linking a descriptive clause or sentence ............................................................................... 47
9.2.3. anafaiweya linking comments to topics in sentences expressing similarities ......................................... 48
9.3. NONOGA(NA) ‘CONTRARY TO EXPECTATION’ ..................................................................................................... 49
9.4. AENANAI~AENANADI ‘LEST’ ............................................................................................................................... 50
9.5. TEMPORAL CONJUNCTIONS .............................................................................................................................. 50
9.5.1. tovanai ‘time-3s.DEF’ -- sometimes functioning as the conjunction ‘when’ .......................................... 50
9.5.2. ‘until’ ...................................................................................................................................................... 52
9.5.2.1. ana laba ~ ana etowava ‘its measurement’ ....................................................................................................... 52
9.5.2.2. ada gielai ‘and it came’ = ‘until’ and ada ginau ‘and it went’ = ‘until’ ........................................................... 52
10. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ........................................................................................................................ 53
10.1. KAI ‘POS’ AND AGA ‘THEN’ CONSTRUCTION ................................................................................................... 53
10.2. KAI ‘POS’ WITH E ‘DEVELOPMENTAL MARKER’ (DM) ................................................................................... 54
10.3. KAI ‘POS’ WITHOUT AGA ‘THEN’ .................................................................................................................... 54
10.4. GAVA ‘WHATEVER’ WITH AGA ‘THEN’ ............................................................................................................. 55
11. SPACER ANI ..................................................................................................................................................... 55
11.1. ANI FUNCTIONING ON THE CLAUSE LEVEL ....................................................................................................... 56
11.1.1. ani following heavy noun phrases in topic/comment constructions....................................................... 56
11.1.2. ani following relative clauses ................................................................................................................ 56
11.1.3. ani marking the end of a list which is topic ........................................................................................... 57
11.2. ANI FUNCTIONING DISCOURSE PRAGMATICALLY, NOT OBLIGATORY ............................................................... 57
11.2.1. ani in nonverbal topic-comment sentences ............................................................................................ 57
11.2.2. ani in other environments ..................................................................................................................... 58
11.3. ANI IN AN IRREALIS VERB CONSTRUCTION ....................................................................................................... 60
12. ABBREVIATIONS & SYMBOLS .................................................................................................................... 62
13. BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................................... 65
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Entry Number:
58243